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AI Data Centers: What to Know About Their Water and Energy Use

OpenAI’s Sam Altman says AI’s water concerns are «totally fake.» The truth about AI’s impact on natural resources is more complicated.

When people find out I’m a journalist who covers AI, they often ask about the drastic energy consumption of AI data centers. Are these centers using up all of our drinking water? How is this tech affecting the environment? Is AI going to kill us all? The questions range from curious to downright dystopian. 

Sam Altman, the CEO of OpenAI, recently faced criticism after calling some of these concerns, particularly those around water, «totally fake.» It all stems from a Q&A session hosted by The Indian Express newspaper. Around the 26-minute mark of the interview, Altman was asked to defend certain criticisms of AI, including the amount of natural resources it takes to power large language models like ChatGPT. 

Altman responded, «(criticism of AI for overuse of) water is totally fake,» saying that while extreme water use «used to be true,» OpenAI no longer does evaporative cooling. He said estimates that 17 gallons of water are used for every chatbot query are no longer accurate. 

«This is completely untrue and totally insane, [and has] no connection to reality,» he said. He then goes on to address AI energy consumption, calling the concerns «fair» but arguing that it should be evaluated as a whole, not per query, since some queries, like videos, are more intensive to generate than text conversations. (Disclosure: Ziff Davis, CNET’s parent company, in 2025 filed a lawsuit against OpenAI, alleging it infringed Ziff Davis copyrights in training and operating its AI systems.)

Still, Altman says, «we need to move toward nuclear or wind and solar (power) very quickly.»

Questions involving data centers and water are complicated.

Do AI data centers strain land and power systems?

Altman’s remarks come amid timely, ongoing debates over data centers and their energy use. 

CNET’s Corin Cesaric dove into the issue of AI’s energy use last year and found the cost of training and running ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude and other generative AI tools to be «staggering.» The US accounted for the largest share (45%) of global data center electricity consumption in 2024, according to the International Energy Agency

As for water: Two Google data centers in Council Bluffs, Iowa, alone used 1.4 billion gallons of water in 2024, enough to fill about 28 million standard bathtubs. Google has 29 data centers worldwide. Meta’s data centers also accounted for about 1.39 billion gallons of water used in 2023. 

While we don’t currently have statistics from OpenAI, Meta, or Google on their natural resource consumption in 2025, it’s safe to bet that data center energy and water use will rise as more people use generative AI. 

How do AI data centers use water?

Considering ChatGPT now has close to 1 billion weekly users, and OpenAI has estimated that it handles close to 2.5 billion prompts every day, that’s an astronomical amount of data to manage. And because of this demand, the powerful computers that train the AI models and process their prompts get extremely hot. Think of how your phone and laptop heat up when running demanding tasks. If servers overheat, they can slow down or become damaged. This is where water comes in. 

Traditionally, water in AI data centers is used in two ways: evaporative cooling (consuming water) and closed-loop systems (recirculating water). 

Evaporative cooling is a ventilation technique that uses the natural process of evaporation to convert liquid water into water vapor, which absorbs heat during the process. Closed-loop cooling is a more resource-efficient process that reuses the water to dissipate heat without evaporation or consumption. 

OpenAI said in a January announcement that it is «prioritizing closed-loop or low-water cooling systems» to minimize water use. This does lend credence to Altman’s recent claims that OpenAI’s water use is not as high as the 17 gallons per query estimate, but we don’t yet have exact figures for OpenAI’s 2025 water use. 

OpenAI says it is moving away from the more costly evaporative cooling systems. However, 56% of data centers still use this method in some form over closed-loop systems, according to a January 2026 report from global water technology company Xylem and market research firm Global Water Intelligence. The research anticipates that AI water consumption will spike nearly 130% by 2050. 

How much energy does AI use?

Powering AI and these massive data centers is demanding. 

Generative AI chatbots use more energy than traditional search engines like Google or Bing. One estimate calculated that a single chatbot query requires 10 times more electricity than a Google search. On average, a single text query takes about 0.24 to 3 watt-hours, but AI-generated videos and images require much more electricity. 

An August 2025 report from Google details Gemini’s energy use. The report states «the median Gemini Apps text prompt uses 0.24 watt-hours (Wh) of energy, emits 0.03 grams of carbon dioxide equivalent (gCO2e) and consumes 0.26 milliliters (or about five drops) of water.» Google equates this energy consumption to powering a microwave for 9 seconds. 

Is solar a valid alternative?

Even though AI models require 24/7 power, solar energy is a viable and scalable option for powering AI data centers. 

OpenAI announced a multi-billion-dollar venturein October 2025 to explore new energy generation with solar and battery storage. Meta, Microsoft, Google and Amazon all expanded their solar power use across the US in 2025. 

While renewable solutions could be the path forward, solar (or wind) energy is still only part of the mix of energy generation used by data centers. They generally rely on the grid itself, which is still largely powered by the burning of fossil fuels like natural gas. 

Where we stand

The conversation around AI and water use is moving from unconfirmed claims to measured scrutiny. Communities and policymakers are now pushing for transparency and sustainable practices, aiming to ensure that AI’s rapid growth doesn’t come at the expense of local water resources or the local electricity grid. As AI continues to grow, so, too, will the debate about how best to balance technological innovation with environmental responsibility.

Technologies

Nintendo Dropped a Switch 2 Update With a New Mode You’ll Want to Turn On Immediately

This new feature is one of the best yet.

A new firmware update hit the Nintendo Switch 2 last week. Among the multitude of small changes is a new feature that will give Switch 1 games a notable upgrade.

Version 22.0.0 for the Switch 2 went live on March 16 and is available for download to the console. The big new feature in the update was Handheld Mode Boost, which will give Switch 1 games a visual upgrade when played on the Switch 2 in handheld mode.

What does Handheld Mode Boost do? 

Even though the Switch 2 supports backward compatibility with almost all Switch 1 games, there was an issue. The Switch 2 has a higher resolution screen: 1080p versus the older hardware’s 720p. When playing a Switch 1 game on a Switch 2 in handheld mode, the graphics looked blurry and jagged. 

When enabled, Handheld Mode Boost makes a Switch 1 game act as if it’s docked, so it displays 1080p at 60 frames per second. This will give the visuals an immediate upgrade. 

How do you enable Handheld Mode Boost? 

Handheld Mode Boost has to be turned on to see the effect, and it takes a few steps: 

  • Select Systems Settings from the Home menu
  • Select System
  • Select Nintendo Switch Software Handling
  • Enable Handheld Mode Boost

Is there a downside to enabling Handheld Mode Boost? 

A user on Reddit tested the mode to see how it affects the Switch 2’s battery life. The test used Doom Eternal for the Switch 1 with and without Handheld Mode Boost. The test showed that the battery life decreased from 5 hours, 5 minutes to 3 hours, 43 minutes. That’s a 27% drop and should be taken into account when using Handheld Mode Boost. 

How do I upgrade my Nintendo Switch 2? 

If you have Software Auto-Updates enabled on your Switch 2, a pop-up window should come up whenever you start a game. If not, head to System Settings and choose to update the console from the menu. 

What other features were added in version 22.0.0?

Handheld Mode Boost was the main star of the new firmware update, but there were a slew of other changes.

  • Changed the on-screen text and animations when you load a virtual game card in the HOME Menu.
  • Added the ability to save notes about friends on your Friend List. The note content is not displayed to friends.
  • Added the ability to invite friends to GameChat rooms you’re participating in. Some friends may not be able to be invited, such as supervised accounts.
  • Friends who haven’t finished GameChat’s initial setup can now be invited to GameChat. Some friends may not be able to be invited, such as supervised accounts or those who haven’t used a Nintendo Switch 2.
  • Added the ability to rewind 10 seconds/advance 10 seconds with the ZL and ZR Buttons when watching a full-screen video in News or Nintendo eShop.
  • Added the option to add the following data to «Automatic Uploads» from Album.
  • Text-to-Speech, under Accessibility, can now read the text in Album and during first-time setup.
  • Added the ability to see the breakdown of storage capacity by data type for the system memory and microSD Express card.
  • Added the ability to perform an audio test when «Linear PCM 5.1 Surround» is selected for TV Sound in Audio.
  • When Airplane Mode is activated, the previously set preferences for Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or NFC while in airplane mode will be saved and applied.
  • Added the ability to individually enable or disable Bluetooth, Wi-Fi or NFC during Airplane Mode from the Quick Settings.
  • Added the ability to see a notification in the Nintendo Switch Parental Controls smart device application when the Parental Controls PIN is input successfully on the console. This can also be set up to be a push notification to your smart device.
  • General system stability improvements to enhance the user’s experience.
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Technologies

Switch 2 Pricing Shift: Nintendo Says Its Physical Games Will Cost $10 More

Gaming is about to become even more expensive.

Nintendo made an unprecedented move Wednesday by changing up its pricing scheme for its digital and physical Switch 2 games. Starting in May, it’s going to cost more to buy a physical game instead of a digital copy, and the current memory shortage could be the culprit. 

Yoshi and the Mysterious Book, set to release on May 21, will be the first Nintendo Switch 2 game that will have two separate MSRPs, Nintendo said in a statement on Wednesday. The digital version will cost $60 while the physical copy will retail for $70 at Nintendo’s online store, and Switch 2 exclusive games that follow will have a similar pricing scheme to the digital format, costing less than the physical. 

Nintendo did not give a reason as to why the prices will be different. It did say that its games «offer the same experiences whether in packaged or digital format, and this change simply reflects the different costs associated with producing and distributing each format and offers players more choice in how they can buy and play Nintendo games.»

It’s unclear how retailers will respond to this change. Nintendo says retailers can set the prices as they see fit for either version. 

Which Switch 2 game will have the new pricing scheme?

Yoshi and the Mysterious Book will be out on May 21.

What will be the price difference between physical and digital?

As of right now, physical copies will cost $10 more. It’s unclear whether this will be the same across the board for different games, but it will be the norm for Nintendo’s Switch 2 exclusive games.

Why did Nintendo make this change?

The most likely reason is that the storage for the games themselves was costing Nintendo too much money. In its statement, Nintendo says the change «reflects the different costs associated with producing and distributing each format.» Nintendo already broke pricing norms for games with Mario Kart World and its retail price of $80, the highest price for a new game. 

In the case of Switch 2 games, since the newer console is more powerful and can produce better visuals, that means the Switch cartridges require more storage. Switch 1 games ranged from 2GB to 32GB, while Switch 2 games can start as low as 4GB, but they have double the file size of the older Switch games, with Split Fiction taking up 73GB. Cartridges with large storage sizes are more expensive to produce, especially during the current global shortage of memory happening across the globe. It would that Nintendo wants to pass along those extra production costs to gamers as it did with Mario Kart World

What will retailers do about the Switch 2 game price change? 

Retailers were arguably the biggest reason publishers like Sony, Microsoft and Nintendo didn’t price their digital versions of games lower than the physical copies. It’s been rumored that when the Big Three game companies began offering digital sales of games via their respective platforms, it was retailers who advised that if digital copies undercut physical versions, they would stop stocking those physical versions on store shelves. This rumor hasn’t been verified, but over the year, it does appear that there is an agreement to keep both versions of a game at the same price regardless of its physical or digital format. 

The thing is, digital sales of games have been increasing over the years while physical sales have dropped tremendously. In January 2025, Matt Piscatella, senior director and video game industry advisor at Circana, posted on Blue Sky that sales of physical games media have dropped by more than 50% since 2021 and more than 85% since its peak in 2008. Part of that reason is how retailers such as Walmart, Best Buy and Amazon also sell digital codes for a game, which gives consumers more outlets to purchase from. 

As retail stores are allowing less space for physical media, it’s likely that they will not oppose this change by Nintendo. If there is one store that could feel the effects the most, it would be GameStop and other video games-focused retailers, but it’s not doom and gloom for them. While most of the gaming public will continue to purchase digital versions of games, especially when prices are lower, a growing number of game collectors have shown a willingness to pay a premium for physical copies. There’s also a push by some gamers to avoid digital media out of fear that publishers could turn off servers, making digital copies obsolete

What will other game publishers do about the Switch 2 game price change? 

Publishers of Switch 2 games, such as EA, Ubisoft and Bandai Namco will be the ones who have the toughest decision on this matter of pricing. Lowering the price of digital versions of their games is an immediate revenue hit for them, especially since many of the games they publish and develop have large budgets surpassing those of many Nintendo games. If they don’t change the pricing for games across the board, these publishers might make changes to their midrange titles, where it would be an easier pill to swallow. 

It’s also unlikely that Sony and Microsoft will follow suit, as both have been adjusting their plans to deal with the current downward trend in gaming. 

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Technologies

Fitbit’s Kid-Friendly Smartwatch Gets a Sizable Amazon Spring Sale Discount

The now-$100 cellular connected smartwatch provides many phonelike benefits without handing over a full-fledged iPhone or Android.

Google’s Fitbit Ace LTE is a cellular-connected smartwatch meant for kids, and with a discount from Amazon’s Big Spring Sale, the watch could be a lower-cost way for calling or texting your child without handing over a full-fledged phone.

The Fitbit Ace LTE is normally $180 but is discounted down to $100 during Amazon’s shopping event. That’s back down to the all-time low price we saw during Black Friday. CNET’s Scott Stein reviewed the watch when it was first released in 2024, noting that his 11-year-old son used it constantly for playing games and making phone calls.

The Ace gives parents a lot of control over who can call or text your child with the watch, for better and for worse. The watch does have a required cellular plan in order to work — at a cost of $10 a month, or $120 annually — and was updated to allow for siblings to call each other if they both have the watch. However, most communication controls are handled on Fitbit’s Ace app, and primarily allow a parent to call or text their child using the watch.

The Ace LTE does have its own health-related features as well, but doesn’t have access to app marketplaces in the way that the Apple Watch does or watches that run on Google’s Wear OS. This could be a selling point, or it could be limiting, depending on how much digital freedom is appropriate for your child.

Why this deal matters

If your kid isn’t ready to graduate to a phone yet, the Fitbit Ace LTE is a good stepping stone with decent parental controls. This is back down to the lowest price we’ve seen on this smartwatch, so if you’re looking for a convenient communications device for your child, this is a great opportunity.

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