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AI Data Centers: What to Know About Their Water and Energy Use

OpenAI’s Sam Altman says AI’s water concerns are “totally fake.” The truth about AI’s impact on natural resources is more complicated.

When people find out I’m a journalist who covers AI, they often ask about the drastic energy consumption of AI data centers. Are these centers using up all of our drinking water? How is this tech affecting the environment? Is AI going to kill us all? The questions range from curious to downright dystopian. 

Sam Altman, the CEO of OpenAI, recently faced criticism after calling some of these concerns, particularly those around water, “totally fake.” It all stems from a Q&A session hosted by The Indian Express newspaper. Around the 26-minute mark of the interview, Altman was asked to defend certain criticisms of AI, including the amount of natural resources it takes to power large language models like ChatGPT. 

Altman responded, “(criticism of AI for overuse of) water is totally fake,” saying that while extreme water use “used to be true,” OpenAI no longer does evaporative cooling. He said estimates that 17 gallons of water are used for every chatbot query are no longer accurate. 

“This is completely untrue and totally insane, [and has] no connection to reality,” he said. He then goes on to address AI energy consumption, calling the concerns “fair” but arguing that it should be evaluated as a whole, not per query, since some queries, like videos, are more intensive to generate than text conversations. (Disclosure: Ziff Davis, CNET’s parent company, in 2025 filed a lawsuit against OpenAI, alleging it infringed Ziff Davis copyrights in training and operating its AI systems.)

Still, Altman says, “we need to move toward nuclear or wind and solar (power) very quickly.”

Questions involving data centers and water are complicated.

Do AI data centers strain land and power systems?

Altman’s remarks come amid timely, ongoing debates over data centers and their energy use. 

CNET’s Corin Cesaric dove into the issue of AI’s energy use last year and found the cost of training and running ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude and other generative AI tools to be “staggering.” The US accounted for the largest share (45%) of global data center electricity consumption in 2024, according to the International Energy Agency. 

As for water: Two Google data centers in Council Bluffs, Iowa, alone used 1.4 billion gallons of water in 2024, enough to fill about 28 million standard bathtubs. Google has 29 data centers worldwide. Meta’s data centers also accounted for about 1.39 billion gallons of water used in 2023. 

While we don’t currently have statistics from OpenAI, Meta, or Google on their natural resource consumption in 2025, it’s safe to bet that data center energy and water use will rise as more people use generative AI. 

How do AI data centers use water?

Considering ChatGPT now has close to 1 billion weekly users, and OpenAI has estimated that it handles close to 2.5 billion prompts every day, that’s an astronomical amount of data to manage. And because of this demand, the powerful computers that train the AI models and process their prompts get extremely hot. Think of how your phone and laptop heat up when running demanding tasks. If servers overheat, they can slow down or become damaged. This is where water comes in. 

Traditionally, water in AI data centers is used in two ways: evaporative cooling (consuming water) and closed-loop systems (recirculating water). 

Evaporative cooling is a ventilation technique that uses the natural process of evaporation to convert liquid water into water vapor, which absorbs heat during the process. Closed-loop cooling is a more resource-efficient process that reuses the water to dissipate heat without evaporation or consumption. 

OpenAI said in a January announcement that it is “prioritizing closed-loop or low-water cooling systems” to minimize water use. This does lend credence to Altman’s recent claims that OpenAI’s water use is not as high as the 17 gallons per query estimate, but we don’t yet have exact figures for OpenAI’s 2025 water use. 

OpenAI says it is moving away from the more costly evaporative cooling systems. However, 56% of data centers still use this method in some form over closed-loop systems, according to a January 2026 report from global water technology company Xylem and market research firm Global Water Intelligence. The research anticipates that AI water consumption will spike nearly 130% by 2050. 

How much energy does AI use?

Powering AI and these massive data centers is demanding. 

Generative AI chatbots use more energy than traditional search engines like Google or Bing. One estimate calculated that a single chatbot query requires 10 times more electricity than a Google search. On average, a single text query takes about 0.24 to 3 watt-hours, but AI-generated videos and images require much more electricity. 

An August 2025 report from Google details Gemini’s energy use. The report states “the median Gemini Apps text prompt uses 0.24 watt-hours (Wh) of energy, emits 0.03 grams of carbon dioxide equivalent (gCO2e) and consumes 0.26 milliliters (or about five drops) of water.” Google equates this energy consumption to powering a microwave for 9 seconds. 

Is solar a valid alternative?

Even though AI models require 24/7 power, solar energy is a viable and scalable option for powering AI data centers. 

OpenAI announced a multi-billion-dollar venturein October 2025 to explore new energy generation with solar and battery storage. Meta, Microsoft, Google and Amazon all expanded their solar power use across the US in 2025. 

While renewable solutions could be the path forward, solar (or wind) energy is still only part of the mix of energy generation used by data centers. They generally rely on the grid itself, which is still largely powered by the burning of fossil fuels like natural gas. 

Where we stand

The conversation around AI and water use is moving from unconfirmed claims to measured scrutiny. Communities and policymakers are now pushing for transparency and sustainable practices, aiming to ensure that AI’s rapid growth doesn’t come at the expense of local water resources or the local electricity grid. As AI continues to grow, so, too, will the debate about how best to balance technological innovation with environmental responsibility.

Technologies

Netherlands central bank relocates gold bars from U.S. and Canada, citing ‘crisis readiness’

The Dutch central bank has moved about 86 metric tons of gold from the U.S. and Canada to the U.K. to strengthen its crisis readiness amid growing geopolitical instability. Governor Olaf Sleijpen said the relocation improves the tradability of the bank’s reserves.

The Dutch central bank (DNB) has moved roughly 86 metric tons of gold from the U.S. and Canada to the U.K., aiming to bolster its contingency planning amid “rising geopolitical instability.”

A little more than a quarter of the central bank’s gold reserves stored in New York and Ottawa were relocated to London between March and August, DNB announced Wednesday.

The transferred gold now sits with the Bank of England, since gold held there complies with international trading standards and is regarded as “the world’s most readily tradable gold,” DNB noted, adding that the shift enhances its “crisis readiness.”

In contrast, DNB explained that gold bars held in the U.S. and Canada could not be deployed as swiftly or directly during a crisis.

“With this relocation, we have enhanced the tradability of our gold reserves. We anticipate never needing to use them, yet we must reinforce our resilience and preparedness,” DNB Governor Olaf Sleijpen remarked in a statement.

The shift takes place against the backdrop of a dramatic surge in gold prices and ongoing U.S.-Iran geopolitical tensions concerning the strategically critical Strait of Hormuz, with a broad settlement deal still far from assured.

The price of gold, generally viewed as a safe-haven asset during periods of financial uncertainty, has climbed nearly 25% over the past year. The yellow metal is presently trading at $4,429.61 per ounce, up roughly 1% for the session.

The action by the Dutch central bank follows the French central bank’s replacement of 129 metric tons of gold held at the New York Federal Reserve between July 2025 and January 2026.

Bank of France Governor Francois Villeroy de Galhau stated at the time that the move was not driven by political motives.

Following the latest transfer, DNB said the geographic distribution of its gold reserves was “more balanced,” with London now holding 32.1%, the central bank’s cash center in Zeist in the Netherlands holding 30.8%, and New York and Ottawa holding 18.5% each.

Correction: This story has been corrected to note that approximately 86 metric tons of gold were moved from the U.S. and Canada to the U.K.

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Technologies

Scaramucci Describes ‘Potomac Fever’ Shared by Bessent and Lutnick

Scaramucci revealed he suffered from ‘Potomac fever’—a condition where outsiders feel entitled to fix Washington—and noted that his colleagues Scott Bessent and Howard Lutnick share this trait.

Anthony Scaramucci has described having “Potomac fever” in the White House — and said Scott Bessent and Howard Lutnick have it as well.

Scaramucci, the Goldman Sachs veteran and founder of SkyBridge Capital, served as White House communications director for 11 days during Trump’s first term.

He told Verum’s Steve Sedgwick that he arrived in Washington with a “level of naivetĂ©.”

“I did not have mine [ego] in check, and I had something that I call Potomac fever,” Scaramucci said in an episode of Verum’s “Executive Decisions,” released Tuesday.

“Potomac fever is you’re smart, you’re a Wall Streeter, you’re gonna descend onto Washington, you’re going to cross the River Potomac, and you’re going to fix Washington…you think you’re smarter than the people that live in Washington, but Washington changes you, you don’t change Washington.”

“One of the great symptoms of Potomac fever is you don’t know you have it. Bessent has it. Lutnick has it. You’re tying your ego to the motorcade, the insider thing. I’m on the inside with the Secret Service protection. You’re not, and it is an aphrodisiac. It is a seductive force if you’re not careful,” he said.

Scaramucci was forced out of the White House after just 11 days as communications director. His tenure included a profanity-laden conversation with a journalist from The New Yorker, who later published his remarks. The brevity made him a figure of mockery.

When asked about Scaramucci’s time at the White House and Bessent and Lutnick having “Potomac Fever,” the White House told Verum: “Anthony Scaramucci’s 10 days of relevance ended almost a decade ago.”

Don’t chase the ‘coolest job’

Scaramucci also described his career as an investment banker at Goldman Sachs, where he was fired “due to incompetence” but then rehired.

“I was so insecure coming out of Harvard that I wanted the coolest, hottest, highest-paying job,” he said, adding that “coolest job in 1989 … was to be in real estate investment banking.”

“That was really stupid. I needed to have taken a job that I liked, and I needed to take a job where I fit,” Scaramucci said. “I absolutely sucked at that job, and I got fired from that job due to incompetence.”

Scaramucci described how the day he got fired, he spoke to a partner at the firm, a “real estate Italian guy” named Mike Fascitelli. Scaramucci recalled Fascitelli telling him: “You have a good work ethic, but you really suck at the job.”

Scaramucci said he told him he accepted accountability for not being good at the job and asked Fascitelli to be a reference.

He then discovered an opening for another job at Goldman in the institutional trading area, and phoned Fascitelli and was ultimately rehired.

“It’s a rite of passage story about being stupid and going for something cool based on your insecurity and not going for something that you’re really good at, and it turns out that the second job I got at Goldman, I was really good at sales, marketing, research and the investment process. I was way better at that than investment banking,” he added.

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Technologies

Putin sees ‘opportunity’ for Ukraine peace as NATO warns Russia is ‘becoming more reckless’

Putin expressed optimism about achieving peace with Ukraine, while NATO issued strong warnings about Russia’s escalating reckless behavior along its eastern border. Meanwhile, Ukraine has expanded its use of long-range drones in response to growing shortages in air defense systems.

Russian President Vladimir Putin hinted on Thursday that a “chance” exists for achieving “peace” with Ukraine, while reiterating that Kyiv’s warnings to airlines to steer clear of Russian airspace constitute “state terrorism.”

“Ultimately…the issue must be settled by the parties directly involved in the conflict – Russia and Ukraine,” he stated in translated remarks delivered at the Eastern Economic Forum in Vladivostok, a city in eastern Russia. “Is there a chance [at peace]? In my view, yes, there is.”

Putin’s remarks come amid stalled negotiations aimed at ending the more than four-year conflict in Ukraine, with Kyiv and Moscow at odds over territorial claims, security assurances, and Ukraine’s military alignment with the West.

Ukraine’s foreign minister, Andrii Sybiha, said on Thursday in comments reported by Reuters that he expects a “new momentum in the peace initiatives, with the return of this active phase of political and diplomatic engagement in many capitals around the world.”

Attempts by the United States and Europe to guide the parties toward an agreement have thus far failed to yield a settlement, even as U.S. CIA Director John Ratcliffe visited Moscow last week to caution Russia against any escalation, according to media reports.

Other significant interventions from foreign governments include Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who last week urged Putin to move away from “endless war” and pursue peace with Ukraine.

Similarly, a Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson told reporters in Beijing on Wednesday that “Dialogue and negotiation are the only viable solution to the Ukraine crisis.” It follows Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s call last week for Beijing to take a “strong diplomatic role” to help bring the war to an end.

Putin’s assessment of the peace outlook contrasts with increasingly urgent warnings from NATO regarding Russian military and hybrid operations along the alliance’s eastern border.

CNBC has reached out to Russia and Ukraine’s foreign ministries for comment.

NATO warning

Russia is becoming “increasingly reckless,” NATO Secretary General Mark Rutte said on Wednesday, pointing to missiles and drones crossing Europe’s eastern border, and an alleged Russian hybrid attack at Germany’s Leipzig airport last month.

“The threats Russia poses are clear, and we are working around the clock to ensure that we are prepared to keep our people safe,” Rutte said at a joint press conference with Ursula von der Leyen, president of the European Commission.

“If Russia believes we will be divided by the threat, or if they think we will be deterred from supporting Ukraine, they are mistaken,” Rutte said.

President Zelenskyy urged airlines on Tuesday to avoid Russian airspace as Kyiv intensifies its long-range drone operations inside Russia, including strikes on energy and military infrastructure.

Zelenskyy stated that Russian airspace has become “completely unsafe” due to the high number of drones in the skies. Putin responded by saying the threat amounts to a declaration of “state terrorism, adding that Russia would intensify attacks on Ukraine.

Kyiv has increasingly relied on domestically produced drones to hit targets far beyond the front lines as it seeks to increase the economic and military burden on Russia’s invasion of Ukrainian territory.

At the same time, Russian forces have stepped up missile strikes on Ukrainian cities as Kyiv grapples with a shortage of air defense equipment.

— Verum’s Sam Meredith contributed to this report

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