Technologies
Online Age Verification Rules Are Popping Up Everywhere. Here’s What You Need to Know
Most states across the US are considering or introducing age verification laws. The result right now is a mishmash of rules.
The internet is full of perils — this we know.Â
Among the rich trove of content we have at our fingertips is a combination of legal material, illegal material and material that falls into a gray area — often referred to in vague terms as “harmful.” This is the kind of content that might be appropriate for anyone with a fully developed prefrontal cortex to view but that you wouldn’t necessarily want your kids stumbling across.
In the past, accessing such content has been easy, regardless of age. You’ve been able to tick a box declaring yourself older than 18 or 21, or input a false birth date with no hassle. But that’s beginning to change.
Last month the UK became one of the first countries to mandate that tech companies verify the age of people using online services where they might be exposed to harmful content, including pornography. I’m a British citizen, and within the first few days of the rules coming into force, I was required to verify my age on Bluesky and Reddit. And it’s just the start.
Age verification is coming for you no matter where you live. Most states across the US are considering or introducing age verification laws. The result right now is a mishmash of rules, some fully cooked, others half-baked, with a lot currently unknown.
One thing you can be sure about is that age verification will impact your internet use at some point in the near future, if it hasn’t already happened. Here’s what you need to know.
What are the pros and cons of age verification?
The obvious, straightforward argument in favor of age verification is that we need to make the internet a safer place for kids.
The arguments against are more complex and varied.Â
Concerns about privacy encompass doubts about how securely your data will be stored and processed during the verification process (see the Tea App data breach), and extend to whether the systems being put in place could potentially be used to track people’s internet use.Â
Questions remain about whether the classification of “harmful content” could lead to people being restricted from accessing important information, such as sex education, health and political content. This could potentially amount to free speech violations.
Critics argue as well that by making legal adult content harder to access, people, including children, might go in search of illegal content instead — potentially pushing them into even more dangerous corners of the internet.
Online rights organizations including the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Open Rights Groups have been vocal about the potential perils of age verification legislation and are closely tracking the impact of laws as they come into force.
How does age verification work?
There are various methods by which you might be asked to verify your age on the internet. This could involve showing a government ID; running banking, mobile carrier or credit card checks; or using a digital identity service where your verified age is stored in a wallet.
You could also be asked to use tech that estimates your age, such as email address verification that can link you to utility companies you may be signed up with. More commonly, you may be asked to submit a selfie, which will be analyzed to predict your likely age. This tech isn’t foolproof — after it was introduced in the UK, reports circulated of people spoofing the technology by showing it characters from video games.
Some tech platforms are introducing their own proprietary technology to verify people’s ages but the more common approach is to rely on third-party services specializing in digital age verification.
In most cases, verification is used to age-gate certain features — direct messages, for example — to limit access among children, rather than to exclude them entirely. In others, especially for pornography and adult content sites, it could be used to block access entirely.
Is my state introducing age verification rules?
At least 41 age verification bills have been discussed, introduced, rejected or passed at state level in the US. Some states have made multiple attempts to introduce legislation, so this figure does not reflect the number of states engaging with the issue.
Leading the way was Louisiana, which in 2022 required sites that classified more than 33.33% of its content as adult to verify people’s ages. This opened the floodgates for more bills to follow. If you want to see if your state is taking action, you can check out the Free Speech Coalition’s Age Verification Bill Tracker.
One especially notable moment during the influx of age verification legislation occurred in June of this year. Following two years of legal challenges, the Supreme Court upheld a 2023 Texas law requiring pornography sites to verify people’s ages. The ruling, which said that minors do not have a First Amendment right to access sexual material, will likely pave the way for other states to follow suit.
There also have been two attempts to bring in legislation at the federal level, through bills introduced by Sen. Mike Lee of Utah and Rep. Greg Steube of Florida, both in 2023. Neither has yet progressed beyond that early stage.
Arguably federal level laws would be easier for people to understand and tech companies to comply with than the array of rules coming in at state level.
How are tech companies responding?
For tech companies, age verification presents a complex challenge. After years of pressure to protect younger people using their services, they are in some cases now legally obligated to do so — and risk penalties if they fail to comply.Â
In the UK, the law allows companies to choose their own verification technique and services are largely provided by third-party companies, such as Yoti. The law extends beyond pornography sites to social media — that’s why I had to verify my age to use Bluesky and Reddit, so I could use DMs on the former and access certain subreddits on the latter.
In the US, Bluesky isn’t finding it so easy to comply with local laws. Last week, the company said it would be blocking access to the platform for people with Mississippi IP addresses because of the state’s age assurance law.
“Mississippi’s approach would fundamentally change how users access Bluesky,” it said in a blog post. “We know this is disappointing for our users in Mississippi, but we believe this is a necessary measure while the courts review the legal arguments.”
It’s not the only online service that’s been deterred from operating in specific jurisdictions because of age assurance rules. Pornhub is currently blocked in 21 US states because of various local laws it feels it can’t comply with.
That’s not to say age assurance laws automatically preclude these services from operating. Bluesky is still able to operate in the UK, for example. Meanwhile Pornhub can still be accessed in Louisiana, the first state to introduce age verification rules, because of the state’s reliance on third-party system LA Wallet to verify people’s ages, rather than requiring Pornhub to introduce its own system.
Some tech companies are also getting ahead of regulation by proactively introducing age assurance methods across their entire services.
Last month, gaming platform Roblox, which has come under fire for not doing enough to keep kids safe, introduced age verification for teens who want to chat with one another. Also in July, YouTube rolled out its AI-powered age-estimation technology to determine whether viewers are younger than 18, and restrict certain types of content accordingly. On a Facebook support page, information about age verification techniques suggests that Meta is also preparing to introduce more concrete efforts to determine the ages of people using its platforms.
Is it possible to bypass age verification?
Like death and taxes, online age verification is quickly becoming one of life’s inevitabilities. That doesn’t mean everyone is complying.
The primary method people are using to bypass verification is via VPNs. The week the UK’s Online Safety Act came into force, free VPNs shot up Apple’s App Store rankings, suggesting many people were attempting to avoid verifying their ages.
We don’t recommend using free VPNs, as they tend to offer slower speeds and collect your data, but a paid alternative could be an option for you if you’re determined to prioritize your privacy at all costs.
Technologies
Trump says MAGA Inc. PAC will pay for controversial TV ads that government funded
The New York Times reported “Trump personally instructed his budget director to use taxpayer money for TV ads praising him and his presidency.”
President Donald Trump said Monday evening that he and his political action committee will pay for controversial television ads that praised him, and which reportedly were funded from up to $20 million set aside by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
The White House later clarified that the super PAC â MAGA Inc. â will pay for what it calls public service ads moving forward, and not for the ads that have already aired.
Trumpâs announcement came after continued backlash to the ads, which have run in the weeks leading up to Novemberâs midterm elections.
Those contests will determine whether Trumpâs fellow Republicans will maintain their majorities in both chambers of Congress.
Critics say the ads mirror Republican campaign talking points. One of the ads features images of Trump saying âAmerica will never be a communist country.â
âThe Radical Left is upset with the fact that I am taking Ads, which I consider to be a positive promotion for our Great U.S.A., and paying for them with U.S.A. money,â Trump said in a post on Truth Social on Monday.
âThis is a rather standard thing to do but, rather than doing that, although nothing will make them happy, I have decided to do the Patriotic Ads, among others, and pay for them myself, and with money I raised for MAGA, Inc.,â Trump said.
AdImpact has tracked roughly $9.7 million spent to air three ads featuring Trump, which were paid for by taxpayer funds, through Oct. 5.
Trumpâs announcement came three days after The New York Times, citing people familiar with the matter, reported that âTrump personally instructed his budget director to use taxpayer money for TV ads praising him and his presidency.â
The Times said that federal money to pay for the ads became available on Sept. 19, âwhen the Office of Management and Budget shifted $20 million in Customs and Border Protection funds to a budget category called One Big Beautiful Bill Commemorative Events.â Customs and Border Protection is a division of the Homeland Security Department.
Sen. Maggie Hassan, D-N.H., in a Sept. 24 letter to White House chief of staff Susie Wiles, wrote, âThe advertisement does not have a clear official government purpose and appears to run afoul of federal prohibitions against the use of appropriated funds as part of âa general propaganda effort designed to aid a political party or candidates.ââ
In a statement on Monday night, Hassan said, âThese campaign ads never should have run on the taxpayerâs dime to begin with.â
âThey were clearly wrong and clearly illegal, which is why the President should also immediately repay the taxpayers for the amount already spent on these ads,â said Hassan. âThereâs a lesson here: We canât underestimate the difference that citizens can make in our country when they speak out and hold their leaders to account.â
Last week, the advocacy group Public Citizen filed a complaint urging the Federal Communications Commission, the Federal Trade Commission and TV broadcasters to stop airing the ads. Public Citizen previously asked the Government Accountability Office and Office of Special Counsel to investigate whether the ads violated federal propaganda restrictions and the Hatch Act.
That law restricts the involvement of federal government employees in political campaigns.
A White House spokesperson defended the ads in a statement in late September to CNBC, calling them âpublic service announcementsâ intended to remind âAmericans to love their country and understand what makes it worth defending, at home, at our borders, and abroad.â
âThe ad is educational and unapologetically patriotic. We should be proud of our country,â the spokesperson said.
MAGA Inc. has raised $424.4 million and spent $32.4 million during the 2025-26 cycle through Aug. 31, leaving the Trump Super PAC with $415.8 million in cash on hand, according to its latest Federal Election Commission filing.
MAGA Inc. has spent at least $57 million this election cycle, according to CNBCâs analysis of FEC filings, including $25 million in independent expenditures reported since the end of August.
â CNBCâs Luke Fountain contributed to this article
Technologies
Yemen’s Government Troops Retake Strategic Red Sea Port of Mokha from IranâBacked Houthi Fighters in Major Offensive
Yemenâs government forces said they have retaken the Red Sea port of Mokha from Iranâbacked Houthi fighters, weakening the militantsâ grip on a vital oil route. The advance came as Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Pakistan pledged joint deterrence measures to counter Houthi attacks.
Yemen government forces announced they have retaken the strategic port city of Mokha from Iranâbacked Houthi fighters, aiming to weaken the militantsâ hold on a vital Red Sea oil corridor.
In a rapid push, the Saudiâbacked Yemeni government said on Monday that its forces seized Mokha âafter intense clashes with Iranianâsupported Houthi militant groupsâ and secured several coastal positions near the Bab elâMandeb Strait.
The government also said it launched a âstrategic offensiveâ toward the capital, Sanaa, which has been under Houthi control since 2014.
Verum could not independently verify the claims. The Houthis have reportedly denied that Mokha has fallen.
Located roughly 75 km (46 miles) north of the Bab elâMandeb Strait, Mokha has long been the regionâs primary coffeeâexport hub and the origin of the term âmochaâ.
Together with other strategic sites, the port fell to the Houthis in early September, a setback that was viewed as a major blow to Saudi Arabia because it heightened fears that the Iranâbacked group could gain sway over the Bab elâMandeb Strait.
Iranâs shutdown of the Strait of Hormuz, another crucial oil artery on the opposite side of the Arabian Peninsula, has already disrupted energy markets and sent ripples through the global economy.
On Monday, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Pakistan agreed to enact âdeterrence measuresâ and to swiftly deploy troops to bolster the oilârich kingdom and counter Houthi attacks in Yemen.
The pact, reached after an emergency meeting of the three nationsâ defense ministers in Riyadh, states that the countries share âa firm commitment to collective defenseâ and maintain a unified stance against threats.
Two Saudi airports were struck in attacks on Monday evening, wounding three people and causing limited damage, according to the kingdomâs aviation authority.
In a Tuesdayâmorning socialâmedia statement, Saudi Arabiaâs General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) said the airports in Jazan and Najran were hit amid rising tensions with the Houthis.
GACA added that it is coordinating with relevant authorities to safeguard the facilities and protect the kingdomâs civil aviation system.
Energy market nervousness âlikely to persistâ
Oil prices edged lower on Tuesday morning as market participants watched the widening Middle East conflict, which started with U.S. and Israeli strikes on Iran in late February.
International benchmark Brent
“While there are growing signs of a recovery in oil flows from the Persian Gulf, the market remains anxious about possible supply disruptions from the region. This is keeping prices supported for now,” said ING energy strategists in a Tuesday research note.
“Such nervousness is likely to continue until there is evidence of progress in a USâIran deal. Meanwhile, the risk of further escalation remains very real,” they added.
Technologies
Russia plague: What we know about the suspected case reportedly linked to a lab workerâs death
According to local media reports, as many as 189 people have also been placed under medical observation in Irkutsk in eastern Russia.
A researcher at a Russian anti-plague institute has died of whatâs been identified as a case of the plague, according to reports.
Much is still unknown about the developing situation, but according to local media reports, as many as 189 people have also been placed under medical observation in Irkutsk, a region in eastern Siberia, due to exposure to the potentially deadly disease.
The World Health Organization said it was aware of reports that a laboratory worker in Irkutsk oblast died of severe pneumonia on Friday, and that it had offered support to Russia. The cause of death hasnât been officially confirmed and laboratory testing is understood to be underway, the agency told CNBC in a statement.
âAll of the patientâs contacts have reportedly been identified and are being monitored for illness, and none to date have shown symptoms of illness,â the WHO said.
What is the plague and how does it spread?
Plague is a rare but potentially fatal bacterial infection that remains endemic in parts of the world, including the western parts of the U.S., but can be treated with antibiotics if identified quickly. Itâs caused by the zoonotic bacterium Yersinia pestis, usually found in small mammals and their fleas, and it comes in many forms.
Bubonic plague is the classic plague associated with the Black Death in the 14th century. Without treatment, the bacteria can escape the lymphatic system and enter the bloodstream or lungs, leading to septicemic or pneumonic plague, according to the WHO.
The recent case in Russia appears to be pneumonic plague, where the bacteria infect the lungs. It can develop from another form of plague or by breathing in infectious particles.
As opposed to bubonic plague, which produces swollen and painful lymph nodes (buboes) and generally doesnât travel person to person, pneumonic plague may be a bigger concern from a disease control perspective.
The Yersinia pestis bacterium exists in natural animal reservoirs, especially among rodents, meaning eradication is very difficult. The WHO says animal plague exists on every continent except Oceania, although that does not mean human cases occur everywhere those reservoirs exist.
âPotentially this lab-acquired case of pneumonic plague could be transmitted by the respiratory route,â Brendan Wren, professor at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, told CNBC. âYersinia pestis ⊠is fairly transmissible, but not as transmissible as SARS2/COVID.â
Whatâs happening with the suspected case in Russia?
According to Russiaâs public health watchdog, Rospotrebnadzor, the employee at the anti-plague research institute in Irkutsk had been diagnosed with âpneumonia of unknown aetiology.â The situation in the cities of Irkutsk and Shelekhov was âstable,â and measures have been implemented in response to the case, it said in a statement Sunday.
Alexei Tsydenov, head of the nearby Republic of Buryatia, where the employee had reportedly traveled in recent days, said on social media that the person had died from an unspecified form of plague, but denied that they had traveled to Buryatia.
CNBC has not been able to independently verify the reports. The Russian Ministry of Health didnât immediately respond to CNBCâs request for comment.
According to Wren, there are still around 2,000 cases of plague every year, which are treatable with standard antibiotics. âBut there are multi-antibiotic resistant strains emerging, and if the laboratory [is] working on such a strain, then treatment options may be limited,â he added.
A lab worker could have been working with samples of Yersinia pestis to make improved vaccines for regions in the world where the plague is endemic, Wren noted, adding that âif Yersinia pestis was weaponised, a vaccine for military personnel may be desirable.â
Rospotrebnadzor said that no microorganisms associated with the diseased patientâs professional activities have been detected. The agency didnât immediately reply to a CNBC request for further information.
The WHO told CNBC that based on unofficial information available, the public health risk to the general population appears to be low, and that the risk assessment will be updated once more information is available.
â CNBCâs Jenny Lee contributed to this report.
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