Technologies
AI as Lawyer: It’s Starting as a Stunt, but There’s a Real Need
People already have a hard enough time getting help from lawyers. Advocates say AI could change that.
Next month, AI will enter the courtroom, and the US legal system may never be the same.
An artificial intelligence chatbot, technology programmed to respond to questions and hold a conversation, is expected to advise two individuals fighting speeding tickets in courtrooms in undisclosed cities. The two will wear a wireless headphone, which will relay what the judge says to the chatbot being run by DoNotPay, a company that typically helps people fight traffic tickets through the mail. The headphone will then play the chatbot’s suggested responses to the judge’s questions, which the individuals can then choose to repeat in court.
It’s a stunt. But it also has the potential to change how people interact with the law, and to bring many more changes over time. DoNotPay CEO Josh Browder says expensive legal fees have historically kept people from hiring traditional lawyers to fight for them in traffic court, which typically involves fines that can reach into the hundreds of dollars.
So, his team wondered whether an AI chatbot, trained to understand and argue the law, could intervene.
“Most people can’t afford legal representation,” Browder said in an interview. Using the AI in a real court situation “will be a proof of concept for courts to allow technology in the courtroom.”
Regardless of whether Browder is successful — he says he will be — his company’s actions mark the first of what are likely to be many more efforts to bring AI further into our daily lives.
Modern life is already filled with the technology. Some people wake up to a song chosen by AI-powered alarms. Their news feed is often curated by a computer program, too, one that’s taught to pick items they’ll find most interesting or that they’ll be most likely to comment on and share via social media. AI chooses what photos to show us on our phones, it asks us if it should add a meeting to our calendars based on emails we receive, and it reminds us to text a birthday greeting to our loved ones.
But advocates say AI’s ability to sort information, spot patterns and quickly pull up data means that in a short time, it could become a “copilot” for our daily lives. Already, coders on Microsoft-owned GitHub are using AI to help them create apps and solve technical problems. Social media managers are relying on AI to help determine the best time to post a new item. Even we here at CNET are experimenting with whether AI can help write explainer-type stories about the ever-changing world of finance.
So, it can seem like only a matter of time before AI finds its way into research-heavy industries like the law as well. And considering that 80% of low-income Americans don’t have access to legal help, while 40% to 60% of the middle class still struggle to get such assistance, there’s clearly demand. AI could help meet that need, but lawyers shouldn’t feel like new technology is going to take business away from them, says Andrew Perlman, dean of the law school at Suffolk University. It’s simply a matter of scale.
“There is no way that the legal profession is going to be able to deliver all of the legal services that people need,” Perlman said.
Turning to AI
DoNotPay began its latest AI experiment back in 2021 when businesses were given early access to GPT-3, the same AI tool used by the startup OpenAI to create ChatGPT, which went viral for its ability to answer questions, write essays and even create new computer programs. In December, Browder pitched his idea via a tweet: have someone wear an Apple AirPod into traffic court so that the AI could hear what’s happening through the microphone and feed responses through the earbud.
Aside from people jeering him for the stunt, Browder knew he’d have other challenges. Many states and districts limit legal advisors to those who are licensed to practice law, a clear hurdle that UC Irvine School of Law professor Emily Taylor Poppe said may cause trouble for DoNotPay’s AI.
“Because the AI would be providing information in real time, and because it would involve applying relevant law to specific facts, it is hard to see how it could avoid being seen as the provision of legal advice,” Poppe said. Essentially, the AI would be legally considered a lawyer acting without a law license.
AI tools raise privacy concerns too. The computer program technically needs to record audio to interpret what it hears, a move that’s not allowed in many courts. Lawyers are also expected to follow ethics rules that forbid them from sharing confidential information about clients. Can a chatbot, designed to share information, follow the same protocols?
Perlman says many of these concerns can be answered if these tools are created with care. If successful, he argues, these technologies could also help with the mountains of paperwork lawyers encounter on a daily basis.
Ultimately, he argues, chatbots may turn out to be as helpful as Google and other research tools are today, saving lawyers from having to physically wade through law libraries to find information stored on bookshelves.
“Lawyers trying to deliver legal services without technology are going to be inadequate and insufficient to meeting the public’s legalities,” Perlman said. Ultimately, he believes, AI can do more good than harm.
The two cases DoNotPay participates in will likely impact much of that conversation. Browder declined to say where the proceedings will take place, citing safety concerns.
Neither DoNotPay nor the defendants plan to inform the judges or anyone in court that an AI is being used or that audio is being recorded, a fact that raises ethics concerns. This in itself resulted in pushback on Twitter when Browder asked for traffic ticket volunteers in December. But Browder says the courts that DoNotPay chose are likely to be more lenient if they find out.
The future of law
After these traffic ticket fights, DoNotPay plans to create a video presentation designed to advocate in favor of the technology, ultimately with the goal of changing law and policy to allow AI in courtrooms.
States and legal organizations, meanwhile, are already debating these questions. In 2020, a California task force dedicated to exploring ways to expand access to legal services recommended allowing select unlicensed practitioners to represent clients, among other reforms. The American Bar Association told judges using AI tools to be mindful of biases instilled in the tools themselves. UNESCO, the international organization dedicated to preserving culture, has a free online course covering the basics of what AI can offer legal systems.
For his part, Browder says AI chatbots will become so popular in the next couple of years that the courts will have no choice but to allow them anyway. Perhaps AI tools will have a seat at the table, rather than having to whisper in our ears.
“Six months ago, you couldn’t even imagine that an AI could respond in these detailed ways,” Browder said. “No one has imagined, in any law, what this could be like in real life.”
Technologies
Trump says MAGA Inc. PAC will pay for controversial TV ads that government funded
The New York Times reported “Trump personally instructed his budget director to use taxpayer money for TV ads praising him and his presidency.”
President Donald Trump said Monday evening that he and his political action committee will pay for controversial television ads that praised him, and which reportedly were funded from up to $20 million set aside by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
The White House later clarified that the super PAC â MAGA Inc. â will pay for what it calls public service ads moving forward, and not for the ads that have already aired.
Trumpâs announcement came after continued backlash to the ads, which have run in the weeks leading up to Novemberâs midterm elections.
Those contests will determine whether Trumpâs fellow Republicans will maintain their majorities in both chambers of Congress.
Critics say the ads mirror Republican campaign talking points. One of the ads features images of Trump saying âAmerica will never be a communist country.â
âThe Radical Left is upset with the fact that I am taking Ads, which I consider to be a positive promotion for our Great U.S.A., and paying for them with U.S.A. money,â Trump said in a post on Truth Social on Monday.
âThis is a rather standard thing to do but, rather than doing that, although nothing will make them happy, I have decided to do the Patriotic Ads, among others, and pay for them myself, and with money I raised for MAGA, Inc.,â Trump said.
AdImpact has tracked roughly $9.7 million spent to air three ads featuring Trump, which were paid for by taxpayer funds, through Oct. 5.
Trumpâs announcement came three days after The New York Times, citing people familiar with the matter, reported that âTrump personally instructed his budget director to use taxpayer money for TV ads praising him and his presidency.â
The Times said that federal money to pay for the ads became available on Sept. 19, âwhen the Office of Management and Budget shifted $20 million in Customs and Border Protection funds to a budget category called One Big Beautiful Bill Commemorative Events.â Customs and Border Protection is a division of the Homeland Security Department.
Sen. Maggie Hassan, D-N.H., in a Sept. 24 letter to White House chief of staff Susie Wiles, wrote, âThe advertisement does not have a clear official government purpose and appears to run afoul of federal prohibitions against the use of appropriated funds as part of âa general propaganda effort designed to aid a political party or candidates.ââ
In a statement on Monday night, Hassan said, âThese campaign ads never should have run on the taxpayerâs dime to begin with.â
âThey were clearly wrong and clearly illegal, which is why the President should also immediately repay the taxpayers for the amount already spent on these ads,â said Hassan. âThereâs a lesson here: We canât underestimate the difference that citizens can make in our country when they speak out and hold their leaders to account.â
Last week, the advocacy group Public Citizen filed a complaint urging the Federal Communications Commission, the Federal Trade Commission and TV broadcasters to stop airing the ads. Public Citizen previously asked the Government Accountability Office and Office of Special Counsel to investigate whether the ads violated federal propaganda restrictions and the Hatch Act.
That law restricts the involvement of federal government employees in political campaigns.
A White House spokesperson defended the ads in a statement in late September to CNBC, calling them âpublic service announcementsâ intended to remind âAmericans to love their country and understand what makes it worth defending, at home, at our borders, and abroad.â
âThe ad is educational and unapologetically patriotic. We should be proud of our country,â the spokesperson said.
MAGA Inc. has raised $424.4 million and spent $32.4 million during the 2025-26 cycle through Aug. 31, leaving the Trump Super PAC with $415.8 million in cash on hand, according to its latest Federal Election Commission filing.
MAGA Inc. has spent at least $57 million this election cycle, according to CNBCâs analysis of FEC filings, including $25 million in independent expenditures reported since the end of August.
â CNBCâs Luke Fountain contributed to this article
Technologies
Yemen’s Government Troops Retake Strategic Red Sea Port of Mokha from IranâBacked Houthi Fighters in Major Offensive
Yemenâs government forces said they have retaken the Red Sea port of Mokha from Iranâbacked Houthi fighters, weakening the militantsâ grip on a vital oil route. The advance came as Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Pakistan pledged joint deterrence measures to counter Houthi attacks.
Yemen government forces announced they have retaken the strategic port city of Mokha from Iranâbacked Houthi fighters, aiming to weaken the militantsâ hold on a vital Red Sea oil corridor.
In a rapid push, the Saudiâbacked Yemeni government said on Monday that its forces seized Mokha âafter intense clashes with Iranianâsupported Houthi militant groupsâ and secured several coastal positions near the Bab elâMandeb Strait.
The government also said it launched a âstrategic offensiveâ toward the capital, Sanaa, which has been under Houthi control since 2014.
Verum could not independently verify the claims. The Houthis have reportedly denied that Mokha has fallen.
Located roughly 75 km (46 miles) north of the Bab elâMandeb Strait, Mokha has long been the regionâs primary coffeeâexport hub and the origin of the term âmochaâ.
Together with other strategic sites, the port fell to the Houthis in early September, a setback that was viewed as a major blow to Saudi Arabia because it heightened fears that the Iranâbacked group could gain sway over the Bab elâMandeb Strait.
Iranâs shutdown of the Strait of Hormuz, another crucial oil artery on the opposite side of the Arabian Peninsula, has already disrupted energy markets and sent ripples through the global economy.
On Monday, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Pakistan agreed to enact âdeterrence measuresâ and to swiftly deploy troops to bolster the oilârich kingdom and counter Houthi attacks in Yemen.
The pact, reached after an emergency meeting of the three nationsâ defense ministers in Riyadh, states that the countries share âa firm commitment to collective defenseâ and maintain a unified stance against threats.
Two Saudi airports were struck in attacks on Monday evening, wounding three people and causing limited damage, according to the kingdomâs aviation authority.
In a Tuesdayâmorning socialâmedia statement, Saudi Arabiaâs General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA) said the airports in Jazan and Najran were hit amid rising tensions with the Houthis.
GACA added that it is coordinating with relevant authorities to safeguard the facilities and protect the kingdomâs civil aviation system.
Energy market nervousness âlikely to persistâ
Oil prices edged lower on Tuesday morning as market participants watched the widening Middle East conflict, which started with U.S. and Israeli strikes on Iran in late February.
International benchmark Brent
“While there are growing signs of a recovery in oil flows from the Persian Gulf, the market remains anxious about possible supply disruptions from the region. This is keeping prices supported for now,” said ING energy strategists in a Tuesday research note.
“Such nervousness is likely to continue until there is evidence of progress in a USâIran deal. Meanwhile, the risk of further escalation remains very real,” they added.
Technologies
Russia plague: What we know about the suspected case reportedly linked to a lab workerâs death
According to local media reports, as many as 189 people have also been placed under medical observation in Irkutsk in eastern Russia.
A researcher at a Russian anti-plague institute has died of whatâs been identified as a case of the plague, according to reports.
Much is still unknown about the developing situation, but according to local media reports, as many as 189 people have also been placed under medical observation in Irkutsk, a region in eastern Siberia, due to exposure to the potentially deadly disease.
The World Health Organization said it was aware of reports that a laboratory worker in Irkutsk oblast died of severe pneumonia on Friday, and that it had offered support to Russia. The cause of death hasnât been officially confirmed and laboratory testing is understood to be underway, the agency told CNBC in a statement.
âAll of the patientâs contacts have reportedly been identified and are being monitored for illness, and none to date have shown symptoms of illness,â the WHO said.
What is the plague and how does it spread?
Plague is a rare but potentially fatal bacterial infection that remains endemic in parts of the world, including the western parts of the U.S., but can be treated with antibiotics if identified quickly. Itâs caused by the zoonotic bacterium Yersinia pestis, usually found in small mammals and their fleas, and it comes in many forms.
Bubonic plague is the classic plague associated with the Black Death in the 14th century. Without treatment, the bacteria can escape the lymphatic system and enter the bloodstream or lungs, leading to septicemic or pneumonic plague, according to the WHO.
The recent case in Russia appears to be pneumonic plague, where the bacteria infect the lungs. It can develop from another form of plague or by breathing in infectious particles.
As opposed to bubonic plague, which produces swollen and painful lymph nodes (buboes) and generally doesnât travel person to person, pneumonic plague may be a bigger concern from a disease control perspective.
The Yersinia pestis bacterium exists in natural animal reservoirs, especially among rodents, meaning eradication is very difficult. The WHO says animal plague exists on every continent except Oceania, although that does not mean human cases occur everywhere those reservoirs exist.
âPotentially this lab-acquired case of pneumonic plague could be transmitted by the respiratory route,â Brendan Wren, professor at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, told CNBC. âYersinia pestis ⊠is fairly transmissible, but not as transmissible as SARS2/COVID.â
Whatâs happening with the suspected case in Russia?
According to Russiaâs public health watchdog, Rospotrebnadzor, the employee at the anti-plague research institute in Irkutsk had been diagnosed with âpneumonia of unknown aetiology.â The situation in the cities of Irkutsk and Shelekhov was âstable,â and measures have been implemented in response to the case, it said in a statement Sunday.
Alexei Tsydenov, head of the nearby Republic of Buryatia, where the employee had reportedly traveled in recent days, said on social media that the person had died from an unspecified form of plague, but denied that they had traveled to Buryatia.
CNBC has not been able to independently verify the reports. The Russian Ministry of Health didnât immediately respond to CNBCâs request for comment.
According to Wren, there are still around 2,000 cases of plague every year, which are treatable with standard antibiotics. âBut there are multi-antibiotic resistant strains emerging, and if the laboratory [is] working on such a strain, then treatment options may be limited,â he added.
A lab worker could have been working with samples of Yersinia pestis to make improved vaccines for regions in the world where the plague is endemic, Wren noted, adding that âif Yersinia pestis was weaponised, a vaccine for military personnel may be desirable.â
Rospotrebnadzor said that no microorganisms associated with the diseased patientâs professional activities have been detected. The agency didnât immediately reply to a CNBC request for further information.
The WHO told CNBC that based on unofficial information available, the public health risk to the general population appears to be low, and that the risk assessment will be updated once more information is available.
â CNBCâs Jenny Lee contributed to this report.
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