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Why the Ghost Particles Crashing Into Antarctica Could Change Astronomy Forever

About 1.2 miles beneath Antarctica, an underground observatory is hunting for «ghost particles.» What it finds could reveal the unseen heart of a distant galaxy.

About 47 million light-years from where you’re sitting, the center of a black-hole-laden galaxy named NGC 1068 spits out streams of enigmatic particles. They’re neutrinos — otherwise known as the elusive «ghost particles» haunting our universe while leaving little trace of their existence.

Immediately after coming into being, bundles of these invisible bits plunge across the cosmic expanse. They whisk by bright stars we can see and zip past pockets of space teeming with marvels we’re yet to discover. They fly and fly and fly until, occasionally, they reach Earth’s South Pole and drill themselves underground. The neutrinos’ journey is seamless.

But scientists patiently wait for them to arrive.

Nestled into about 1 billion tons of ice, more than 2 kilometers (1.24 miles) beneath Antarctica, lies the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. A neutrino hunter, you might call it. And when any neutrinos transfer their party to the frigid continent, IceCube remains vigilant.

In a paper published Friday in the journal Science, the international team behind this ambitious experiment confirmed it has found evidence of 79 «high-energy neutrino emissions» coming from around where NGC 1068 is located, opening the door for novel — and endlessly fascinating — types of physics. «Neutrino astronomy,» scientists call it.

It’d be a branch of astronomy that can do what existing branches simply cannot.

Before today, physicists had only shown neutrinos coming from either the sun; our planet’s atmosphere; a chemical mechanism called radioactive decay; supernovas; and — thanks to IceCube’s first breakthrough in 2017 — a blazar, or voracious supermassive black hole pointed directly toward Earth. A void dubbed TXS 0506+056.

With this newfound neutrino source, we’re entering a new era of the particle’s story. In fact, according to the research team, it’s likely neutrinos stemming from NGC 1068 have up to millions, billions, maybe even trillions the amount of energy held by neutrinos rooted in the sun or supernovas. Those are jaw-dropping figures because, in general, such ghostly bits are so powerful, yet evasive, that every second, trillions upon trillions of neutrinos move right through your body. You just can’t tell.

And if you wanted to stop a neutrino in its tracks, you’d need to fight it with a block of lead one light-year-wide — though even then, there’d be a fractional chance of success. Thus, harnessing these particles, NCG 1068’s version or not, could allow us to penetrate areas of the cosmos that’d usually lie out of reach.

Now what?

Not only is this moment massive because it gives us more proof of a strange particle that wasn’t even announced to exist until 1956, but also because neutrinos are like keys to our universe’s backstage.

They hold the capacity to reveal phenomena and solve puzzles we’re unable to address by any other means, which is the primary reason scientists are trying to develop neutrino astronomy in the first place.

«The universe has multiple ways of communicating with us,» Denise Caldwell of the National Science Foundation and a member of the IceCube team, told reporters on Thursday. «Electromagnetic radiation, which we see as light from stars, gravitational waves that shake the fabric of space — and elementary particles, such as protons, neutrons and electrons spewed out by localized sources.

«One of these elementary particles has been neutrinos that permeate the universe, but unfortunately, neutrinos are very difficult to detect.»

In fact, even the galaxy NGC 1068 and its gargantuan black hole are typically obscured by a thick veil of dust and gas, making them hard to parse with standard optical telescopes and equipment — despite years of scientists trying to pierce its curtain. NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope could have a leg up in this case due to its infrared eyes, but neutrinos may be an even better way in.

Expected to be generated behind such opaque screens filtering our universe, these particles can carry cosmic information from behind those screens, zoom across great distances while interacting with essentially no other matter, and deliver pristine, untouched information to humanity about elusive corners of outer space.

«We are very lucky, in a sense, because we can access an amazing understanding of this object,» Elisa Resconi, of the Technical University of Munich and IceCube team member, said of NGC 1068.

It’s also notable that there are many (many) more galaxies similar to NGC 1068 — categorized as Seyfert galaxies — than there are blazars similar to TXS 0506+056. This means IceCube’s latest discovery is, arguably, a larger step forward for neutrino astronomers than the observatory’s seminal one.

Perhaps the bulk of neutrinos diffusing throughout the universe are rooted in NGC 1068 doppelgangers. But in the grand scheme of things, there’s far more to the merit of neutrinos than just their sources.

These ghosts, as Justin Vandenbroucke of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and an IceCube team member put it, are fit to solve two major mysteries in astronomy.

First off, a wealth of galaxies in our universe boast gravitationally monstrous voids at their centers, black holes reaching masses millions to billions of times greater than our sun’s. And these black holes, when active, blast jets of light from their guts — emitting enough illumination to outshine every single star in the galaxy itself. «We don’t understand how that happens,» Vandenbrouke said simply. Neutrinos could provide a way to study the regions around black holes.

Second is the general, yet persistent, conundrum of cosmic rays.

We don’t really know where cosmic rays come from either, but these strings of particles reach energies to and beyond millions of times higher than we can reach here on Earth with human-constructed particle accelerators like the one at CERN.

«We think neutrinos have some role to play,» Vandenbroucke said. «Something that can help us answer these two mysteries of black holes powering very bright galaxies and of the origins of cosmic rays.»

A decade to catch a handful

To be clear, IceCube doesn’t exactly trap neutrinos.

Basically, this observatory tells us every time a neutrino happens to interact with the ice shrouding it. «Neutrinos hardly interact with matter,» Vandenbrouke emphasized. «But they do interact sometimes.»

As millions of neutrinos shoot into the icy region where IceCube is set up, at least one tends to bump into a speck of ice, which then shatters and produces a flash of light. IceCube sensors capture that flash and send the signal up to the surface, notifications that are then analyzed by hundreds of scientists.

Ten years of light-flash-data allowed the team to pretty much map out where every neutrino seems to be coming from in the sky. It soon became clear there was a dense region of neutrino emissions located right where galaxy NGC 1068 is stationed.

But even with such evidence, Resconi said the team knew «it’s not the time to open the champagne, because we still have one fundamental question to answer. How many times did this alignment happen just by chance? How can we be sure neutrinos are actually coming from such an object?»

So, to make matters as concrete as possible, and really, truly prove this galaxy is spitting out ghosts, «we generated 500 million times the same experiment,» Resconi said.

Upon which, I can only imagine, a bottle of Veuve was popped at last. Though the hunt isn’t over.

«We are only beginning to scratch the surface as far as finding new sources of neutrinos,» Ignacio Taboada of the Georgia Institute of Technology and IceCube team member said. «There must be many other sources far deeper than NGC 1068, hiding somewhere to be found.»

Technologies

Today’s NYT Connections Hints, Answers and Help for Nov. 25, #898

Here are some hints and the answers for the NYT Connections puzzle for Nov. 25, #898

Looking for the most recent Connections answers? Click here for today’s Connections hints, as well as our daily answers and hints for The New York Times Mini Crossword, Wordle, Connections: Sports Edition and Strands puzzles.


Today’s Connections: Sports Edition is both fun and tricky. Think colors, and see if you can find items that share the same color. The purple category wants you to look within four words and find a connecting word hidden in them. If you’re struggling with today’s puzzle but still want to solve it, read on for hints and the answers.

The Times now has a Connections Bot, like the one for Wordle. Go there after you play to receive a numeric score and to have the program analyze your answers. Players who are registered with the Times Games section can now nerd out by following their progress, including the number of puzzles completed, win rate, number of times they nabbed a perfect score and their win streak.

Read more: Hints, Tips and Strategies to Help You Win at NYT Connections Every Time

Hints for today’s Connections groups

Here are four hints for the groupings in today’s Connections puzzle, ranked from the easiest yellow group to the tough (and sometimes bizarre) purple group.

Yellow group hint: Not big.

Green group hint: These things are the same color.

Blue group hint: Itchy!

Purple group hint: They all share words that are positive.

Answers for today’s Connections groups

Yellow group: Small-time.

Green group: Things that are pink.

Blue group: Things you can scratch.

Purple group: Starting with optimistic words.

Read more: Wordle Cheat Sheet: Here Are the Most Popular Letters Used in English Words

What are today’s Connections answers?

The yellow words in today’s Connections

The theme is small-time. The four answers are Mickey Mouse, rinky-dink, trivial and two-bit.

The green words in today’s Connections

The theme is things that are pink. The four answers are Barbie Dreamhouse, calamine lotion, cherry blossom and flamingo.

The blue words in today’s Connections

The theme is things you can scratch. The four answers are bug bite, lottery ticket, vinyl record and your head.

The purple words in today’s Connections

The theme is starting with optimistic words. The four answers are glad-hand, Happy Meal, merry-go-round and sunny-side up.

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Technologies

I’m Buying These Headphones for My Gamer Thanks to This Deep Black Friday Discount

SteelSeries headphones are among the top gaming headsets on the market and right now you can score them for as much as half off ahead of Black Friday.

Ready or not, Black Friday is just about here. And Black Friday deals are already popping up on the regular.Here at CNET, we offer our services as dedicated deal finders, scouring the market to curate the best offers for you. We recently spotted some of our favorite gaming headsets on sale at Amazon, some of them for more than half off. We don’t know if these prices will last all the way to Black Friday itself, so if you see something you like, we suggest grabbing it sooner rather than later.

Right now, several SteelSeries’ most popular gaming headsets are seeing nice discounts. I’ve highlighted some of the best offers below, including the ones in my own cart right now, but be sure to check out the Amazon page to see all the options.

First up, the headset in my cart right now as as a holiday gift for my discerning teenage son is the SteelSeries Arctis Nova 3x wireless gaming headset, currently down to just $90, a $20 savings. Arctis Nova 3x comes in blue, black or white and is compatible with Xbox, PC, PS5, Switch and mobile and has a whopping 40-hour battery life. They are lightweight and have a stretchy headband for added comfort.

If you want to go pro, check out the SteelSeries Arctis Nova Pro wireless headset, down to $290 from $380. That’s nearly $100 off a multi-platform compatible headset good for Xbox, Switch, PS5, PS4, PC and mobile. This headset was our sibling site, PCMag’s top pick for best overall gaming headphones. It boasts active noise cancellation, 360-degree spatial audio and a ClearCast Gen 2 mic. Only the black variant is currently on sale at this big of a discount.

Essentially a more affordable version of the above, the Arctis Nova Pro wired headset for Xbox is down to $150, which is $100 off the regular price of $250. This one also got PCMag’s seal of approval for best wired gaming headphones.

Buyers should note that a few of the headsets on sale are renewed, so be sure to double check before buying. We’ve also rounded up the best Black Friday headphone deals if you’re in the market for something for an audiophile near you.

Why this deal matters

Gaming headphones come in a wide range of styles and price points, but the best ones factor in three key components: sound quality, battery life and comfort — those all-night gaming sessions pretty much demand it. Over the years, we’ve tested a ton of brands, and SteelSeries frequently comes out on top, especially for PC and Xbox users. Being able to pick up a pair at a discount makes it a great opportunity to gift or grab a new headset that delivers on comfort, sound and quality.

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Technologies

Oura’s CEO Has Some Chill Advice for Avoiding Health-Tracking Anxiety

For the leading smart ring maker, «calm tech» seems to be the winning strategy.

When I sit down with Oura’s CEO, Tom Hale, in a quiet wooden booth on the outskirts of the Web Summit technology conference in Lisbon, I notice that he’s wearing two smart rings. Is he conducting competitor analysis? No, it turns out. Both of the rings are his own company’s devices.

One, he explains, is his personal ring, which contains all his data from the past four years. The second is linked to his beta account and shows him what’s coming in the next software update.

For Hale, wearing two rings that run two sets of software allows him to be plugged into every minuscule variation in data. This type of hyperfocus, essential for his job with the world’s leading smart ring maker, enables him to understand the ever-evolving experience of Oura customers before they do. 

But being on high alert is not what he wants for the rest of us. Quite the opposite, in fact.

«Our philosophy very much is about being in the background,» says Hale. «We think of ourselves as calm tech.» 


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Calm tech is a departure from the majority of other wearable devices on the market, and it seems to be resonating. Over the past year, smart rings, which primarily measure activity and sleep, have surged in popularity, with sales more than doubling to 1.8 million units in 2024, and expected to hit around 4 million units this year, according to Omdia

Many of us are choosing them over the best fitness trackers. Smart rings accounted for 75% of all fitness tracker revenue in the US this year, up from 46% the previous year, according to Circana

Unlike standard fitness trackers, smart rings can’t provide real-time feedback, stats and coaching on your wrist. Instead, they record and synthesize your activity and sleep data for viewing on your phone at a later time. That’s enough for most people. The trade-off is especially worth it for those of us who want to nurture a less anxious attachment style to our personal tech and prioritize a real-world focus. 

The majority of other wearables on the market aren’t conducive to this «passive» relationship. Smartwatches — and, for the most part, smart glasses — are body-worn screens, contributing to the ever-increasing and omnipresent information overload that tech subjects us to.

Easing health tech anxiety

Smart rings are, by their very nature, screen-free devices, and Oura wants to keep it that way. The Oura Ring 4 doesn’t include any flashing lights and indicators (it does have LEDs on the inside for measuring heart rate and blood oxygen). That decision was geared toward maintaining peace of mind, according to Hale.

«A lot of the most engaging and demanding applications are ones notifying you and creating anxiety where it doesn’t need to be there,» he says. «‘Oh, your heart rate’s elevated. You’re dying.’ Who needs that message? I don’t need that message.»

I don’t need it either. I’m far from alone in feeling that unfettered health tracking can quickly descend into an anxiety-inducing nightmare that causes more harm than good. Obsessing over not getting enough sleep has been known to induce insomnia. Intensive calorie tracking can cause people to disregard their bodies’ signals and ignore hunger cues.

This, Hale tells me, is what Oura strives to avoid. When the company introduced meal tracking into its app earlier this year, it was careful about how it framed the feedback, focusing on «gentle» advice.

The feature allows you to upload a picture of your food and input a brief description, before it’s scanned by AI and given a rating: nutritious, good, fair or limited. I raise my eyebrow at the inclusion of «good» as a rating. It could read as assigning a moral value to the food you’ve eaten. But Oura chose not to include a «bad» rating, which takes some of the sting out of it.

Oura also tries to steer people away from focusing on assigning a numerical value to their food, «which I think lends itself to sort of obsessive behaviors,» says Hale. You can see caloric intake if you wish, but Oura also offers a switch to let you turn off any mention of calories.

«For some people, counting calories is really triggering,» says Hale. «We try to be very sensitive to that, because we don’t want to create an unhealthy relationship with it, and we don’t want to shame people.»

For Oura customers to get the most out of their ring and subscription, Hale’s No. 1 tip is not to put too much value on a single health metric, but instead to take a holistic approach to the information to guide their actions. (Oura provides data on 40 different activities under its $6/£6 per month fee. By contrast, the Samsung Ring offers more limited tracking, free of charge.)

Hale says the company is not focused on measuring bodies. «We’re in the behavior-change business,» he says. 

In the case of food, this might work by observing how your body reacts to what you’re eating and then examining how that reaction intersects with other factors, such as whether you’re rested, stressed or have exercised earlier that day.

Hale shows me a picture of the Portuguese flan he’d eaten the night before while in Lisbon. «Shocker,» he says, «look at my blood sugar spike.» 

There’s nothing wrong with having the flan — it certainly doesn’t seem to have subdued Hale, who is animated and full of energy throughout our conversation. But seeing the impact of a rich, sugar-heavy meal late in the evening after a busy day at a tech event might help you understand how you feel, or even nudge you into eating differently the next day to balance things out.

‘It’s going to be OK’

Oura’s goal is to build context around why your body might be behaving a certain way, and increasingly, provide personalized, generative AI support via an LLM-powered chatbot that you can talk to about injuries and offer tailored advice. This, too, can help relieve any stress you might be feeling about your health, says Hale.

«One of the things that we try to do is strike a supportive tone in the AI, to kind of be like: ‘You had a bad night’s sleep, but it’s going to be OK.'» he says.

The AI Oura Advisor, which the company launched in summer 2024, can prompt the kind of behavior change Hale wants for Oura customers, such as suggesting you take a walk after a heavy meal to aid digestion. It even takes into account one frequently overlooked element of long-term health — social connection — and will prompt you to spend time with friends and family. 

Over the past few years, there has been an explosion in longevity culture, with people investing money in products and services, like supplements and wellness services, that promise to extend their life and health spans. 

The «moral hazard» of these products, says Hale, is that there’s no accountability. «If it works, great,» he says. «If it doesn’t work, you’re not gonna call me. You know why? Because you’re dead.»

Oura doesn’t exclude itself entirely from the conversation around longevity. Back in May, it released an ad that Hale calls «cheeky,» featuring older adults wearing Oura rings and living their best lives. But it didn’t promise we’d all become centenarians.

«Our premise is not: Hey, buy our supplement because you want to live forever,» says Hale. «Our premise is: Change your behavior today to make healthy choices, because then you’ll live a better life.»

It’s a convincing pitch, which might explain why Oura surpassed 5.5 million total rings sold back in September, putting it on track to hit $1 billion in revenue for the first time this year. According to the latest stats shared by the International Data Corporation, published in 2024, the company boasted an 80% market share.

Last month, the company scored a «decisive victory» in a patent infringement lawsuit against two of its competitors, Ringconn and Ultrahuman. So when Hale tells me he doesn’t test rivals’ rings «as much as he used to» because they’re «copying us,» I know it’s more than bravado.

Thanks to its intellectual property and growing troves of health data that enable it to refine its software, Oura has a clear competitive advantage in this rapidly growing market.

«I’m looking not for other things that other people are doing,» Hale says. «I’m looking for the stuff that we should do that’s really innovative.»

Disclosure: Katie Collins traveled to Lisbon as a guest of Web Summit to serve as a panel moderator. Her reporting from the event was independent of that role.

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