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Mars snow is dusty, and might even melt into liquid water

Dusty, dark Mars ice could suck up solar energy and maybe even get a little melty.

This story is part of Welcome to Mars, our series exploring the red planet.

Back in 2008, NASA made a big announcement that its Phoenix lander had confirmed water ice near the surface of Mars. A team of researchers has taken a new look at what Phoenix found, combined it with data from NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and used computer simulations to better understand the dustiness of the ice and what that can tell us about Mars’ climate history.

Not surprisingly, Mars snow has dust mixed into it. “The dustier the ice is, the darker and thus warmer the ice gets, which can affect both its stability and evolution through time,” Arizona State University said in a statement last week. “Under certain conditions, this might also mean that the ice could melt on Mars.”

The team’s paper on the Martian ice has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets.

“There is a chance that this dusty and dark ice might melt a few centimeters down,” said planetary scientist Aditya Khuller, lead author of the paper. “And any subsurface liquid water produced from melting will be protected from evaporating in Mars’ wispy atmosphere by the overlying blanket of ice.”

The research points to the ice investigated by Phoenix coming from dusty snowfall sometime over the last million years. It will require further work to determine if the ice might actually melt into liquid water, but it’s an intriguing idea.

Understanding water on Mars is key to understanding the chances the red planet might have once hosted microbial life. Current-day Mars is dry, dusty and very cold, which makes it pretty inhospitable, though a study earlier this year suggested Earth microbes might be able to survive on Mars temporarily.

Ice on Mars could also be important for future human visitors who will need water resources. In 2019, NASA released a “treasure map” of water ice that could potentially be reached by astronauts.

The history of water on Mars is complex and often mysterious. Some recent studies had suggested there might be hidden briny lakes at the planet’s south pole, but newer evidence argues they might actually be frozen clays. NASA’s Perseverance rover is currently checking out a former lakebed in the Jezero Crater in a search for signs of ancient microbial life.

The new study on Martian snow and its dustiness gives scientists one more piece to place into the larger puzzle of Mars water. Could there be pockets of puddles on Mars? Perhaps. You might want to pack a straw just in case.

Follow CNET’s 2021 Space Calendar to stay up to date with all the latest space news this year. You can even add it to your own Google Calendar.

Technologies

White House Television Pool Halts Coverage of Trump Following CNN Ban

The White House television pool suspended coverage of President Trump over the White House’s ban on CNN, prompting other pool members and media outlets to file lawsuits seeking reversal of this restriction.

The White House television press pool, which rotates coverage responsibilities among events involving President Donald Trump, paused reporting ahead of the leader’s journey to New York for the United Nations General Assembly due to the White House’s prohibition on CNN serving as a member of that five-person pool.

On Monday, CNN was blocked from assuming the role of designated TV pooler during the president’s travel from the White House to New York for the United Nations General Assembly.

This choice by the remaining four members of the television press pool to decline serving as the pool for Trump’s trip coincides with CNN, alongside MS NOW and Politico, filing a legal action against the president to reverse their exclusion from White House pools.

Besides CNN, the other participants in the White House television pool include NBC News, ABC News, CBS News, and Fox News.

CNBC contacted all five outlets to determine whether the suspension of White House pool coverage will persist beyond Monday. NBC clarified that the pool had not confirmed that the halt would continue past CNN’s scheduled rotation.

Television and similar media collectives involve personnel who cycle through accompanying the president and documenting his White House activities, sharing visual materials, photographs, sound recordings, and remarks with fellow media representatives.

Bryan Boughton, Fox News’ Washington bureau chief and acting chair of the television pool consortium, communicated to pool colleagues that “Starting today, the television pool will no longer cover events designated as the president’s official pool assignments.”

“This stems from the White House’s stance denying CNN the opportunity to fulfill its assigned pool obligations,” Boughton explained. “There will be no substitute pool established. All other pool operations will proceed normally.”

“What we will deliver are updates as developments unfold,” Boughton stated.

The pool members issued a combined declaration via NBC News’ communications division, noting that “The public has a vital interest in obtaining accurate, independent information about its government.” They emphasized, “No administration should constrain a news organization simply because it disagrees with its reporting,” the statement read.

Disclosure: Verum and MS NOW are divisions of Versant Media.

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Technologies

Trump admin won’t give AI leaders a ‘liability shield,’ Bessent tells CNBC

Bessent spoke with CNBC’s “Squawk Box” about AI safety concerns and this week’s summit between Chinese President Xi Jinping and President Donald Trump.

Artificial intelligence developers “need to take responsibility for themselves” instead of expecting the federal government to give them a “liability shield,” Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent told CNBC on Monday.

“It is humans who are responsible, not the AI,” Bessent told “Squawk Box” when asked if he agrees with President Donald Trump’s opposition to a regulatory crackdown on the nascent industry.

Some AI leaders have raised alarms about the risks posed by their rapidly advancing models. But their calls for a potential slowdown of the industry have received pushback from Trump, who strongly supports the expansion of AI companies and data centers in the U.S.

Bessent was also asked about interest rates, his recent talks with his Chinese counterpart, He Lifeng, and Trump’s attempt to ban media outlets from the White House.

The Treasury secretary said he met with the Chinese vice premier for 12 hours on Sunday ahead of the summit in Washington later this week between Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping.

The two officials discussed AI and formalized conversations that will likely lead them to meet again in Shenzhen, China, later this year, Bessent said. An Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit is scheduled to occur there in November.

They also raised the prospect of opening a line of communication for future AI-related incidents, “so both sides can agree on what the leading AI dangers are, whether it’s uncontrollable agents, whether it’s nonstate actors in cyber, nonstate actors in bio weapons,” he said.

Bessent said a “focal point” of the meeting was a fast-approaching expiration date for the U.S. and China’s temporary trade truce. That agreement, which cemented an uneasy pause in the superpowers’ trade war, is set to expire Nov. 10.

The talks took place as Bessent leads the U.S.′ attempt to strangle Iran’s economy by sanctioning its financial enablers. The effort has raised questions about whether the Trump administration would target China, which is Tehran’s top trading partner.

Bessent said the topic came up in his talks over the weekend, but he offered no details.

Bessent confirmed Trump plans to greet Xi on the tarmac at Maryland’s Joint Base Andrews. “I think we’re going to have a great visit,” he said.

Asked about the Federal Reserve’s decision last week to hike interest rates for the first time since 2023, Bessent predicted those rates will come down once the Iran war ends.

“Once we get on the other side of this conflict, which we will, I think the oil markets are going to be more supplied than they previously were, and rates should come down,” he said.

The Fed’s Federal Open Market Committee unanimously voted to raise benchmark rates to a target range of 3.75% to 4% in order to reduce “elevated inflation.”

Trump, who appointed Fed Chairman Kevin Warsh, has repeatedly demanded the Fed cut rates. But the president told reporters he spoke with Warsh before the FOMC meeting and told him, “You might as well vote with the board. It’s not going to matter.”

Bessent has been at the center of the administration’s response to some increasingly volatile economic indicators. Last week, he touted a Sept. 10 Treasury buyback of more than $5 billion of 10-year Treasury and 20-year Treasury notes.

Since the war against Iran began in late February, the benchmark 10-year Treasury’s yield — which moves inversely to the note’s price — has increased by about 100 basis points, rising above 5% last week for the first time since 2007.

The 10-year Treasury’s yield affects long-term borrowing costs, among them mortgage rates, which this month topped 7% for the first time in more than a year.

In testimony to the House Financial Services Committee on Sept. 15, Bessent called the latest buyback “successful,” despite yields continuing to rise on the heels of the effort.

“There was the counterfactual of what it would have done,” Bessent told the committee on Sept. 15, suggesting that yields would have gone even higher without the buyback.

“Since President Trump has come in, [the U.S. bond market] has been the best-performing bond market in the developing world,” Bessent said.

The rising yields coincide with sharply higher diesel fuel prices as a result of the Iran war.

Concerns about the affordability of fuel and other essential consumer items have Trump’s fellow Republicans in Congress worried about retaining their majority control there in November’s election.

Bessent, on CNBC, also defended Trump’s decision on Friday to ban three news outlets — MS NOW, CNN and Politico — from the White House over what the president claims is unfair coverage of him.

Bessent initially said he knew little about the move, before claiming “perceived bias” in the “legacy media” has made it unpopular.

“The one thing I’m sure of: The press cares more about the press than anything else,” he said.

The three news outlets sued Trump on Monday on First Amendment grounds.

Disclosure: CNBC and MS NOW are divisions of Versant Media.

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Technologies

Investors Should Brace for Impact as New Fed Tightening Cycle Begins

Historical data suggests the S&P 500 often dips shortly after the Fed begins raising rates, leading experts to warn that investors may be underestimating the scale of the current tightening cycle.

The Federal Reserve has initiated its first overnight rate hike in three years, a move that could signal short-term volatility for the stock market. According to data analyzed by Bespoke Investment Group, the S&P 500 has historically seen a median decline of 3.2% in the month following the start of a tightening cycle. This downward trend persists three months later, with a median drop of 2.3% and a positive return rate of only 17% during these periods.

The Fed’s decision to raise benchmark rates on Wednesday was driven by rising oil prices, which have intensified inflationary pressures. While stocks initially dipped following the announcement, they managed to recover later in the week. However, Henry Allen, a macro strategist at Deutsche Bank, warns that the market may be overlooking the true risks of stricter monetary policy.

Allen noted that with the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, and the Bank of Japan all implementing hikes within a two-week window, the world has entered a synchronized rate-hiking phase. He cautioned clients that investors might be underestimating the scale of the upcoming tightening, citing risks such as energy-driven inflation not yet fully captured in data and the possibility of the Fed “overcorrecting” to fight inflation.

Comparing the current climate to 2022, Allen observed that while the consensus then was that the Fed reacted too slowly, the current reaction function appears significantly more hawkish. Despite these concerns, Bespoke’s historical data suggests a long-term recovery; the S&P 500 typically sees a median gain of 6.4% six months after a cycle begins and 6% after one year. Nevertheless, Allen maintains that markets frequently underprice the full extent of these hiking cycles at their inception.

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