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What Is Mastodon, the Alternative Social Network Now Blocked by Twitter?

Learn everything you need to know about Twitter’s open-source competitor.

Since Elon Musk took control of Twitter on Oct. 27, the social network has been roiled by controversy. First, half the staff was laid off via email, and an ill-advised new implementation of its «blue check» verification system left the site plagued by trolls and fake «verified» accounts. Now, Twitter has banned accounts that Musk promised to protect and suspended several prominent journalists who report on Elon Musk.

Twitters users concerned about changes at the company are looking for other social media options, and the open-source network Mastodon has been a big beneficiary. Mastodon Count, a bot that tracks usage on the network, showed a 400% increase in the rate of new account signups on Dec. 15, when Twitter suspended the journalists who cover Musk.

The growing popularity of Mastodon might partly explain why Twitter is now blocking many links to Mastodon servers and suggesting the URLs are «harmful» or include malware. Twitter has also suspended the official account for Mastodon, prompting a joke from creator Eugen Rochko about never having to check Twitter notifications again.

Read on to see how Mastodon works, how to sign up, and how it compares to Twitter. For more, see how to delete your Twitter account, and get the latest on Twitter’s verification badge plans.

What is Mastodon and how is it different from Twitter?

Mastodon is a free social media service that functions much like Twitter. You can post «toots» (instead of tweets), follow other people and organizations, and favorite (like) and boost (retweet) posts from other people.

Mastodon was created and originally released in October 2016 by Eugen Rochko, the CEO and lone employee of the nonprofit organization Mastodon gGmbH. In May, Rochko explained the service’s oddly named substitute for «tweet.» He says the original button was called «publish,» but a committed supporter promised lifetime support of the Mastodon Patreon account if he would change it to «toot.» (On the iOS and Android apps it says «publish.»)

In an interview with Time Magazine, Rochko said he began developing Mastodon when he realized that «being able to express myself online to my friends through short messages was actually very important to me, important also to the world, and that maybe it should not be in the hands of a single corporation that can just do whatever it wants with it.»

Read more: Mastodon Is No Twitter Replacement

Instead of one town square for everyone, however, Mastodon is composed of thousands of social networks, all running on different servers, or «instances,» that can communicate with each other through a system called the Fediverse. The Fediverse also contains other social networks like PeerTube for videos, Funkwhale for music, PixelFed for photos and NextCloud for files.

Mastodon servers aren’t required to be connected to the Fediverse, In fact, the most famous Mastodon instance is Truth Social, the social network of former US president Donald Trump.

How do I join Mastodon?

The hardest part of Mastodon is getting started. Since there’s no one common Mastodon area for everyone — as with Twitter — you’ll need to register on a specific Mastodon server.

Servers can be based on a geographic location, subject interest, professional background or literally anything an administrator can think of. For example, the folks at dolphin.town are only allowed to post the letter «E,» while the literary buffs at oulipo.social are forbidden from ever using the letter «E» (in honor of OuLiPo writer Georges Perec’s lipogram «La Disparition«).

Two of the biggest Mastodon servers, aka instances, are mastodon.social — the official server of the Mastodon project — and mstdn.social, though both have temporarily paused registrations. Another large general server that I recently joined is mas.to. Other popular Mastodon instances include masthead.social for journalists and fosstodon.org for open-source software.

Don’t worry too much about which server you pick — you can join as many as you want and leave or switch servers at any time. And you can follow people across servers, so picking one doesn’t keep you from communicating with those on other instances.

One good place to find a server to join is the official Mastodon website at joinmastodon.org. The site currently lists about 80 servers that have committed to the Mastodon Server Covenant, an agreement to enforce moderation, make backups of the site and give at least three months warning before ever shutting down an instance.

Each server’s «about» page will tell a little bit about the Mastodon instance and list the server’s rules. If you don’t find a server that you like on joinmastodon.org, you can try other Mastodon directories, such as instances.social, which offers a wizard for picking a server as well as a sortable list of 16,412 instances.

Most Mastodon servers with open registration will only ask for your email address and a password to get started. Once you respond to a verification email, you’re ready to start using Mastodon. Other, more private Mastodon servers may ask you to make a request to join and then wait for an invitation.

How do I use Mastodon?

Like Twitter, Mastodon lets you post short messages to the world or to select people, but instead of tweets, Mastodon posts are called toots. And many of Mastodon’s other features are a lot like Twitter’s, too, with slight differences. Each post is limited to 500 characters (instead of 280), and you can include links, images (JPG, GIF or PNG, up to 8MB), audio files (MP3, OGG, WAV, FLAC, OPUS, AAC, M4A and 3GP up to 40MB) and videos (MP4, M4V, MOV, WebM up to 40MB).

Your posts on Mastodon can be set to be public, only for your followers or completely unlisted from all timelines. You can create polls for your followers and use all your favorite usual emojis, plus custom emojis created for specific servers.

Any post can be marked with an explanatory «content warning» that requires a click before viewing, and Mastodon users take advantage of the feature often.

You can even edit posts on Mastodon. Each version of your toot remains available for review, and people who reblog your post are notified after it’s edited.

Just like Twitter, Mastodon uses hashtags that start with the «#» symbol, such as #Gaming, #Anthropology or #Veganism. Since there’s no algorithm to suggest your posts to nonfollowers, using hashtags to categorize your posts for people who might be interested is even more important than on Twitter.

You can follow any account on Mastodon, whether or not it’s on your own server instance, and the account’s posts will be added to your Home feed in chronological order. Know that for some accounts, you need to request permission to follow them.

Free web apps like Debirdify, Fedifinder and Twitodon can help you find accounts you followed on Twitter that have migrated to Mastodon.

If you don’t want a particular account following you, you can block them just like on Twitter, or you can choose to block an entire server.

Mastodon lets you «favorite» posts, but the favorites count doesn’t appear on timelines — if you want to promote someone else’s posts, you’ll need to «boost» or reblog them. Unlike Twitter, there are no «quote toots» on Mastodon, a deliberate choice to discourage «dunking» on other people’s posts. A separate «bookmark» feature lets you save toots on Mastodon without notifying the account that posted it.

Mastodon does have a feature called Direct Messages, but the name is a little misleading. Rather than providing person-to-person messages, Mastodon’s feature sets the visibility of a post to only the people mentioned in it. In other words, they’re toots that only certain people can see, rather than actual direct messages.

How do the Mastodon timelines work?

Whereas Twitter just has one timeline (sorted chronologically or by «top stories»), Mastodon has three: your Home timeline shows all the posts and reblogs from everyone you follow, your Local timeline shows everything from your own server instance, and your Federated timeline shows all posts from all Mastodon servers on which you follow someone.

Using a web browser, you can set Mastodon to look like Twitter, showing one feed at a time, or you can view multiple feeds and notifications simultaneously (much like Tweetdeck) by selecting «Advanced view» from your Preferences.

Are there any mobile apps for Mastodon?

You bet. Due to the open-source nature of Mastodon, you have a lot of choices for apps on both iPhone and Android.

Your first and easiest option is the official app from Mastodon gGmbH (for iOS or Android), but there are other solid third-party apps. The two most popular alternative Mastodon apps right now are Metatext for iPhone and Tusky for Android.

Mastodon apps for iPhone:

Mastodon apps for Android:

If you do get started with Mastodon, make sure to follow me @peterbutler@mas.to. (And say hello!)

For more about social media and Twitter, follow a timeline of the Elon Musk purchase and read about the big changes that could be in store for Twitter.

Correction, Nov. 7: A previous version of this story incorrectly described Mastodon’s features. Mastodon added the ability to edit posts in March 2022.

Technologies

Trump to Sign Bill Banning Deepfakes, Nonconsensual Images: What to Know

The bipartisan ‘Take It Down’ Act passed swiftly in both the Senate and the House, and has been championed by First Lady Melania Trump.

President Donald Trump is expected to sign the bipartisan Take It Down Act into law on Monday, a significant step in regulating the nonconsensual sharing of intimate images, including AI-generated deepfakes. The legislation aims to protect individuals from the harmful effects of such content, which has been increasingly prevalent in the digital age with the expansion of artificial intelligence.

Read more: Jamie Lee Curtis Celebrates Meta’s Removal of Fake AI Ad

What are deepfakes?

Deepfakes are realistic but fake images, videos or audio created using artificial intelligence to mimic someone’s appearance, voice or actions.  

One widely reported example was a 2022 viral video of Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. In the altered clip, Zelenskyy appeared to urge Ukrainian soldiers to surrender to Russian forces, a message he never actually delivered. The video was quickly debunked, but it raised serious concerns about the use of deepfakes in disinformation campaigns, especially during wartime. 

Deepfakes have also been used to spread sexually explicit content or revenge porn.

Read more: Election Deepfakes Are Here and Better Than Ever

What are the key aspects of the Take It Down Act?

The Take It Down Act prohibits knowingly sharing or threatening to share intimate images of someone without their permission, including digitally altered or AI-generated deepfakes. Here is a breakdown of the bill and what it targets:

  • Criminalization of nonconsensual sharing: The act makes it a federal offense to distribute intimate images without the subject’s consent. The bill applies to both real and AI-generated content. 
  • Mandatory removal: Online platforms, such as tech and social media sites, are required to remove flagged content, including any copies of the material, within 48 hours of notification by the victim.
  • Mandatory restitution: Violators will face mandatory restitution and criminal penalties such as prison time, fines or both.
  • Protection of minors: The legislation imposes stricter penalties for offenses involving minors, aiming to provide enhanced safeguards for vulnerable individuals.
  • Enforcement by the Federal Trade Commission: The FTC is designated as the primary agency responsible for enforcing the provisions of the act.

Who supports the Take It Down Act?

First Lady Melania Trump has been a vocal advocate for the legislation over the last several months, emphasizing the need to protect children and teenagers from the damaging effects of online exploitation. Her efforts included public appearances and discussions with lawmakers to garner support for the bill. 

The bill, introduced by Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas), gained bipartisan backing, with cosponsors including Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-Minn.) and Sen. Cory Booker (D-N.J.). It passed the Senate unanimously in February, followed by House approval in April with a 409-2 vote.

What are the criticisms and concerns about the bill?

While the act has been praised for addressing a growing issue, it has also faced criticism from various groups. Some digital rights organizations express concerns that the law could infringe on privacy and free speech, particularly regarding the potential for false reports and the impact on encrypted communications. There are also apprehensions about the enforcement of the law and its potential misuse for political purposes. 

For instance, representatives of The Cyber Civil Rights Initiative, a nonprofit that supports victims of online abuse, voiced strong concerns about the bill, according to PBS News. The group criticized the takedown provision as overly broad, vaguely written and lacking clear protections to prevent misuse.

What are the next steps?

Trump is expected to sign the bill Monday at 3 p.m. ET. This act will mark Trump’s sixth bill signed into law so far in his second term. By his 100th day back in office, he had enacted only five, marking the lowest number of new laws signed by a president in the first 100 days of a term since the Eisenhower administration in the 1950s, based on an analysis of congressional records by NBC News.

The signing of the Take It Down Act represents a significant move towards regulating nonconsensual intimate imagery in the digital realm. While it aims to provide greater protection for individuals, ongoing discussions will be essential to address the concerns and ensure the law’s effective and fair implementation. 

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Technologies

Anno 117 Pax Romana Preview: A Beautiful Simulation of a Prosperous Time

Diplomats and traders rejoice. The year 117 is a perfect setting for the Anno series.

Over three decades, the Anno series has plunged gamers into deep real-time strategy experiences set within some of the most massive empires that humans have ever built. From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution, Anno tasks players with balancing ravenous economic growth with conflicts of ideological revolution — and coming out the other side with a strong, unified state.

The next game in the series, Anno 117: Pax Romana, has the earliest historical setting for the Anno series to date, and it’s an incredibly ambitious shift (nearly as much as the brief stint in futuristic settings with Anno 2070 and Anno 2205). As the dates suggest, Anno 117 takes place during a time of immense economic and cultural prosperity in antiquity — and I got an early peek at how that looks during a three-hour hands-on virtual preview session moderated by an Ubisoft employee.

While Anno 117: Pax Romana is a game where you’ll still be focusing on your economy and fostering positive relations first and foremost, you’ll also need to consider building fortifications and training units for land and sea combat.

As the game is centered on growing your own Roman empire, you’ll have to choose which end to colonize first, either beginning in Latium (in modern-day western Italy, around Rome) as a Roman governor or expanding Celtic influence by starting in Albion (in modern-day England). My hands-on preview was limited to Roman gameplay, but I was able to see how much depth the Celts add to the game. Starting in Albion doesn’t just change the map geography and resource nodes you can build around, it changes the research trees, religions and construction projects you’re able to access as well.

Many contemporary 4X strategy games (it stands for explore, expand, exploit and exterminate) such as Sid Meier’s Civilization 7 and Age of Mythology: Retold focus heavily on outmaneuvering and destroying your opponents. In Anno 117, there isn’t really the same type of «win condition» — and there’s far less extermination to revel in overall.

The interwoven construction systems of Anno 117 are easy to pick up but difficult to master, especially if you want your empire to span multiple islands across the map. Here’s what I picked up about the game during my three-hour preview.

When building a civilization, the devil is in the details

If you’re choosing to set a game in the golden age of Roman civilization, it definitely makes sense to focus on graphical fidelity — I’m sitting down here to engage with the beauty and culture of Pax Romana.

Anno 117 doesn’t disappoint in this regard. Toward the tail end of my hands-on preview, I frequently found myself straying away from my self-imposed objectives to simply watch my citizens barter in the marketplace or work away on the wheat or hemp farms that stretched across the countryside.

Each dwelling you build adds three new citizens to your island, and these nonplayable characters are fully simulated as they go about their day-to-day business.

I watched the plebeians master their crafts, making silks and baking bread before they retired to cultural centers to find an education. The lower class libertini mined ore, chopped wood and delivered goods on handcarts, creating a constant stream of foot traffic that was mesmerizing to keep an eye on.

The complexity of these real-time interactions is a real treat. If too many workers gather at a warehouse with goods and raw materials, the roadways jam up and productivity drastically drops. It felt incredibly natural to manage these blockages and make necessary adjustments because I was already so involved with the little lives carrying on in the game.

Once you build something you feel truly proud of, Anno 117 has features that let you toggle the heads-up display off — I used this photo mode to capture some of my favorite pictures for this section of my preview. The images can’t capture the simple joy of watching fields of golden wheat swaying in the wind, but I think they convey the splendor of a budding city-state in Latium.

You might need an urban planning degree to run a well-oiled machine

If I could go back in time and restart my Anno 117 preview play session, I’d choose to take a beat before beginning construction on my starting island.

That’s no joke — every resource node, production center and citizen dwelling will affect how future supply chains are built, and that’s before factoring in the increasingly complex web of roads you’ll have to build to connect everything to the docks.

I shrugged and placed my first houses and farms randomly in the middle of the map, and it started causing problems for me hours later when I needed to build out unhygienic pigsties and hazardous kilns to broaden my civilization’s economic prospects.

There’s almost an overwhelming number of variables to juggle. Resources can only be extracted from certain nodes (and some fisheries and farms can only be built where the soil or water is suitably fertile for them), warehouses need to be located close enough for storage and production facilities will need speedy access to requisite materials.

More complex goods require multiple resources to make, which means your supply chains will become even more complicated as ore, grain and animal products move further and further around your budding city.

As settlements become cities, problems emerge. Certain structures can spread disease and others are fire hazards, and you’ll need to invest in Pax Romana’s version of hospitals and firemen to mitigate these risks. I didn’t have to worry about invading forces in the demo — my Pax Romana was a true time of peace — but you’ll have to secure your borders in the full release, ensuring that there is enough military manpower spread around that your citizens are safe. It’s been some time since land combat was featured in an Anno game, but you can train warriors and scouts that patrol your land for different quest objectives.

The speed of your city’s growth and expansion is largely dependent on the caliber of citizens you’re drawing to your island: In order to upgrade your citizens, you must cater to their basic needs and their luxury wants by building them into the city-state’s supply chain.

This can be confusing to a new player — I was left momentarily scratching my head about being limited to construction of logging camps, wheat farms and basic food and clothing production — but the real construction possibilities open up once you begin diversifying your population with more worker types. I unlocked the plebeians in the latter half of my first hour with Anno 117, and that’s when the game truly picked up and more construction options became available.

Even so, I’d caution against rushing the citizen class upgrades. Expanding too quickly is a huge strain on your purse, and I found that I needed to spend a lot of denarii in order to establish a decent income.

This is one of the cases where slow and steady improvements to your supply lines are extremely important. I quickly learned the lesson that private equity seemingly hasn’t: Don’t sacrifice long-term growth on the altar of short-term profits. That’s a good way to get hosed down with a net negative denarii drain, which will slow your expansion indefinitely.

If you’re willing to take the time to do some very basic planning before clearing out trees and establishing your first builds, I expect players will find Anno 117 to be a very rewarding (if occasionally confusing) city builder spanning a rich territorial tapestry of different island factions.

Hidden at the periphery: Trade routes, disputes and random events

During my three-hour play session, I was largely relegated to a single island, building out the basic necessities and cultural landmarks that serve to kickstart a burgeoning Roman province. Even still, I was able to get a glimpse at some of the game’s deeper systems — and there’s a lot going on in the wider world while the player is getting themselves situated.

There are many other nonplayable characters governing their own states on neighboring islands, and I would occasionally get notifications informing me of their achievements in research, development and trade.

These pop-ups created a sense of urgency — my civilization was not being built within a vacuum, and I couldn’t be sure if these other peoples had a tendency to build mutually beneficial relationships or if they stood only to conquer their nearby foes. I mostly enjoy building trade routes and forging alliances with others, but I would be lying if I said that these infrequent updates didn’t have me contemplating an investment in a bigger military presence.

I imagine that starting with the Romans in Latium or the Celts in Albion won’t just affect the nodes you can unlock in your research tree, but will change the way different neighbors interact with you as you make contact with them throughout the wider world.

Not every interaction with outsiders is a promise to paint the streets or oceans red — and outside of trade, there are other ways that NPC factions help you build a better future.

Provinces that adopt the same faith as you cement the belief in your gods, and both societies will reap greater buffs as the religion spreads among a larger population. These boons can increase research speed, military might or economic production. A rising tide raises all ships, and spreading religious fervor benefits all governors who worship the same gods.

Players will exert influence on the wider world, but it will also exert an influence on their own city-state: The society they’ll build is only one piece of a much grander, ever-shifting puzzle.

On a more granular level, a player’s civilization will undergo random events and disputes that keep it in a state of perpetual motion. Their people are never at a standstill (unless one uses their omnipotent powers to literally pause time) and as such, they’ll have trade disagreements, spread rumors and even riot.

Some of these events are simple decisions: In a moment of economic turmoil, I took a bribe from a wealthy businessman, but ended up enraging workers throughout the city; another time, I chose a personal advisor who increased my passive income instead of one who would optimize the storage of my warehouses.

Other events start up more involved questlines — when citizens live in fear of a nearby shipwreck that is said to be haunted, I’d have to train up a scouting party and send them into the depths to report on what was truly happening. These secondary objectives make your territories feel alive and engage the player outside of the usual city-building activities.

There’s a complex world hidden behind the curtain of Anno 117, but the game is approachable for new real-time strategy players, continuing the series’ usual throughline of placing an emphasis on solving conflict through economic and diplomatic means.

Combat is certainly present, but I was able to completely avoid it during my preview session, leading me to wonder how much fighting there will truly be for the more military-minded players. Either way, Anno 117: Pax Romana sold me on its premise — and I wanted to continue building my empire during this historically unprecedented time of peace.

Anno 117: Pax Romana is set to be released in 2025, but we don’t have an exact date as of yet. The game will be available on PC, PS5 and Xbox Series X and S.

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Technologies

Google I/O 2025: How to Watch Google’s Biggest Event (and What to Expect)

Google’s biggest event of the year will almost certainly be about all the ways AI will help you get stuff done.

Google’s main I/O 2025 keynote takes place on May 20, with I/O continuing over May 21 for developers to get hands-on with Google’s latest products. At its keynote, we expect Big G to talk about its various innovations across its constantly expanding suite of products and tools — no doubt with a huge focus on AI throughout. If we collectively cross our fingers, promise to be good and eat all our vegetables, then we may even be treated to a sneak peek at upcoming hardware. 

Read more: Android 16: Everything Google Announced at the Android Show

Google also hosted a totally separate event that focused solely on Android. The Android Show: I/O Edition saw the wrappers come off Android 16, with insights into the new Material 3 Expressive interface, updates to security and a focus on Gemini and how it’ll work on a variety of other devices. 

By breaking out Android news into its own virtual event, Google frees itself to spend more time during the I/O keynote to talk about Gemini, Deep Mind, Android XR and Project Astra. It’s going to be a jam-packed event, so here’s how you can watch I/O 2025 as it happens and what you can look forward to.

Google I/O: Where to watch

Google I/O proper kicks off with a keynote taking place on May 20, 10 a.m. PDT (1 p.m. EDT, 6 p.m. BST). It’ll be available to stream online on Google’s own YouTube channel. There’s no live link on the I/O website yet, though you can use the handy links to add the event to your calendar of choice and register your details if you want more info from Google. Which maybe you do. 

What to expect from Google I/O 2025

Not much chat about Android 16: As Google gave Android 16 its own outing already, it’s likely that it won’t be mentioned all that much during I/O. In fact at last year’s event, Android was barely mentioned, while uses of the term «AI» went well over a hundred. 

Android XR: Google didn’t talk much about Android XR during the Android show, focusing instead on the purely phone-based updates to the platform. We expected to hear more about the company’s latest foray into mixed-reality headsets in partnership with Samsung and its Project Moohan headset, so it’s possible that this is being saved for I/O proper. 

Gemini: With Android being spun out into its own separate event, Google is evidently clearing the way for I/O to focus on everything else the company does. AI will continue to dominate the conversation at I/O, just as it did last year (though hopefully Google can make it more understandable) with updates to many of its AI platforms expected to be announced. 

Gemini is expected to receive a variety of update announcements, including more information on its latest 2.5 Pro update which boasts various improvements to its reasoning abilities, and in particular to its helpfulness for coding applications. Expect lots of mentions of Google’s other AI-based products, too, including DeepMind, LearnLM and Project Astra. Let’s just hope Google has figured out how to make this information make any kind of sense.

Beyond AI, Google may talk about updates to its other products including GMail, Chrome and the Play Store, although whether these updates are big enough to be discussed during the keynote rather than as part of the developer-focused sessions following I/O’s opening remains to be seen.

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