Technologies
AI as Lawyer: It’s Starting as a Stunt, but There’s a Real Need
People already have a hard enough time getting help from lawyers. Advocates say AI could change that.
Next month, AI will enter the courtroom, and the US legal system may never be the same.
An artificial intelligence chatbot, technology programmed to respond to questions and hold a conversation, is expected to advise two individuals fighting speeding tickets in courtrooms in undisclosed cities. The two will wear a wireless headphone, which will relay what the judge says to the chatbot being run by DoNotPay, a company that typically helps people fight traffic tickets through the mail. The headphone will then play the chatbot’s suggested responses to the judge’s questions, which the individuals can then choose to repeat in court.
It’s a stunt. But it also has the potential to change how people interact with the law, and to bring many more changes over time. DoNotPay CEO Josh Browder says expensive legal fees have historically kept people from hiring traditional lawyers to fight for them in traffic court, which typically involves fines that can reach into the hundreds of dollars.
So, his team wondered whether an AI chatbot, trained to understand and argue the law, could intervene.
«Most people can’t afford legal representation,» Browder said in an interview. Using the AI in a real court situation «will be a proof of concept for courts to allow technology in the courtroom.»
Regardless of whether Browder is successful — he says he will be — his company’s actions mark the first of what are likely to be many more efforts to bring AI further into our daily lives.
Modern life is already filled with the technology. Some people wake up to a song chosen by AI-powered alarms. Their news feed is often curated by a computer program, too, one that’s taught to pick items they’ll find most interesting or that they’ll be most likely to comment on and share via social media. AI chooses what photos to show us on our phones, it asks us if it should add a meeting to our calendars based on emails we receive, and it reminds us to text a birthday greeting to our loved ones.
But advocates say AI’s ability to sort information, spot patterns and quickly pull up data means that in a short time, it could become a «copilot» for our daily lives. Already, coders on Microsoft-owned GitHub are using AI to help them create apps and solve technical problems. Social media managers are relying on AI to help determine the best time to post a new item. Even we here at CNET are experimenting with whether AI can help write explainer-type stories about the ever-changing world of finance.
So, it can seem like only a matter of time before AI finds its way into research-heavy industries like the law as well. And considering that 80% of low-income Americans don’t have access to legal help, while 40% to 60% of the middle class still struggle to get such assistance, there’s clearly demand. AI could help meet that need, but lawyers shouldn’t feel like new technology is going to take business away from them, says Andrew Perlman, dean of the law school at Suffolk University. It’s simply a matter of scale.
«There is no way that the legal profession is going to be able to deliver all of the legal services that people need,» Perlman said.
Turning to AI
DoNotPay began its latest AI experiment back in 2021 when businesses were given early access to GPT-3, the same AI tool used by the startup OpenAI to create ChatGPT, which went viral for its ability to answer questions, write essays and even create new computer programs. In December, Browder pitched his idea via a tweet: have someone wear an Apple AirPod into traffic court so that the AI could hear what’s happening through the microphone and feed responses through the earbud.
Aside from people jeering him for the stunt, Browder knew he’d have other challenges. Many states and districts limit legal advisors to those who are licensed to practice law, a clear hurdle that UC Irvine School of Law professor Emily Taylor Poppe said may cause trouble for DoNotPay’s AI.
«Because the AI would be providing information in real time, and because it would involve applying relevant law to specific facts, it is hard to see how it could avoid being seen as the provision of legal advice,» Poppe said. Essentially, the AI would be legally considered a lawyer acting without a law license.
AI tools raise privacy concerns too. The computer program technically needs to record audio to interpret what it hears, a move that’s not allowed in many courts. Lawyers are also expected to follow ethics rules that forbid them from sharing confidential information about clients. Can a chatbot, designed to share information, follow the same protocols?
Perlman says many of these concerns can be answered if these tools are created with care. If successful, he argues, these technologies could also help with the mountains of paperwork lawyers encounter on a daily basis.
Ultimately, he argues, chatbots may turn out to be as helpful as Google and other research tools are today, saving lawyers from having to physically wade through law libraries to find information stored on bookshelves.
«Lawyers trying to deliver legal services without technology are going to be inadequate and insufficient to meeting the public’s legalities,» Perlman said. Ultimately, he believes, AI can do more good than harm.
The two cases DoNotPay participates in will likely impact much of that conversation. Browder declined to say where the proceedings will take place, citing safety concerns.
Neither DoNotPay nor the defendants plan to inform the judges or anyone in court that an AI is being used or that audio is being recorded, a fact that raises ethics concerns. This in itself resulted in pushback on Twitter when Browder asked for traffic ticket volunteers in December. But Browder says the courts that DoNotPay chose are likely to be more lenient if they find out.
The future of law
After these traffic ticket fights, DoNotPay plans to create a video presentation designed to advocate in favor of the technology, ultimately with the goal of changing law and policy to allow AI in courtrooms.
States and legal organizations, meanwhile, are already debating these questions. In 2020, a California task force dedicated to exploring ways to expand access to legal services recommended allowing select unlicensed practitioners to represent clients, among other reforms. The American Bar Association told judges using AI tools to be mindful of biases instilled in the tools themselves. UNESCO, the international organization dedicated to preserving culture, has a free online course covering the basics of what AI can offer legal systems.
For his part, Browder says AI chatbots will become so popular in the next couple of years that the courts will have no choice but to allow them anyway. Perhaps AI tools will have a seat at the table, rather than having to whisper in our ears.
«Six months ago, you couldn’t even imagine that an AI could respond in these detailed ways,» Browder said. «No one has imagined, in any law, what this could be like in real life.»
Technologies
Honor’s Robot Phone Is the First of Its Kind, Integrating Robotics Into a Smartphone
Technologies
Concierge Bots, Autonomous Carts and Smart Tags: Welcome to MWC’s Airport of the Future
Your airport could someday be much more tech-infused. Here’s what that might look like.
Picture this: You’re at the airport and a robot is guiding you to your gate. You walk past another bot that’s breakdancing, to the delight (or despair) of passengers waiting for a delayed flight.
Up ahead, someone speeds along in an autonomous single-rider vehicle. Before hopping on your flight, you fill up your water bottle — which also tracks your water intake.
This scene could someday become a reality, at least in part. At Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, I explored an exhibit showcasing several futuristic applications looking to inject airports with a little more tech. The goal is to make the entire passenger journey, from check-in to boarding to the in-flight experience, more efficient and less stressful.
Robotics company AGiBot showed off two of its humanoids. The full-size A2 Series can help you check in for your flight and guide you around the airport. The more compact X2 series bots are designed for «entertainment.» During our demo, that meant busting out some fascinating robotic dance moves. You can currently see the bots in action at Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport.
One of the biggest airport nightmares is dealing with lost luggage. Thankfully, trackers like the AirTag and Tile can help you keep tabs on your bag, but it’s not always easy to share location information with airlines (though that is changing). A digital baggage tag from BagID makes it easier for both passengers and airlines to know exactly where your luggage is.
When you fly with a partner airline, you can add your flight information into the BagID app, and it’ll then display the digital tag information on your BagID device. As a certified third-party accessory for Apple and Samsung, you can use Apple’s Find My and Samsung’s SmartThings Find to follow its location.
BagID uses an E Ink display and has a durable plastic casing, which should keep it in one piece as your bag is tossed around. It’s powered by a lithium ion battery that’s under 2.7Wh, to comply with Federal Aviation Administration regulations. The battery can last around one year with tracking or two years without tracking enabled. BagID costs about $238.
For anyone needing mobility assistance, Alba Ride, from autonomous micro-mobility company Alba Robot, can give them a lift. The self-driving vehicle seats one passenger and can fit a carry-on bag. It’s compact enough that weaving through airport crowds shouldn’t be too much of a challenge.
A screen on the front has an avatar that can point people in the right direction, while a larger display on the back shows ads or flight departure times. The electric vehicle’s battery can last up to 8 hours, according to the company. Alba Ride is slated to launch at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport in May.
Water bottle dispensers are a staple at airports, but water supply company Aigues de Barcelona wants to help you track your hydration levels. Using custom bottles with NFC chips embedded in the lid, you can scan the bottle at one of the company’s dispensers, and then track your water intake in an accompanying app. You’ll also see how much plastic you’ve saved and the reduced carbon footprint. Aigues de Barcelona has installed the dispensers in some venues and sports arenas, but has yet to arrive in airports.
Once you’re onboard your flight, aircraft manufacturer Airbus wants to make mealtime services more efficient, too. It’s developing an app that can keep better track of how much food has been eaten on a flight by allowing attendants to scan anything — including snacks, meals and drinks — using an AI-enabled camera. That can help reduce waste on future flights by allowing teams to analyze how much food was served and how much was left over. And if a passenger has an allergy, the crew can quickly check the ingredients through the app as well.
Judging by this exhibit, automation and robotics could reshape how we get around both on the ground and in the skies. Hopefully, without too many breakdancing robots.
Technologies
A Long-Running AI Copyright Question Gets an Answer as Supreme Court Stays Mum
The man behind the AI-generated image in question reflects on what he calls a «philosophical milestone.»
A legal battle over AI copyright that has gone on for more than a decade may have reached its end, with the US Supreme Court declining to hear a case involving AI-generated visual art.
The subject of the case is an image created by computer scientist Stephen Thaler in 2012, titled «A Recent Entrance to Paradise,» using an AI tool he also created, DABUS. Thaler applied for a copyright for his visual art in 2018, but the application was eventually rejected by the US Copyright Office on the grounds that creative works must have human authorship to be eligible. A district court later upheld the decision.
Thaler’s legal team argued that because he created the system that generated the artwork, he is, in effect, its author.
«Other countries, like China and the United Kingdom, already permit copyright protection for AI-generated works. But the Copyright Office’s reliance on its own nonstatutory requirements have led to an improper cabining of United States copyright law in contradiction of this Court’s precedent that copyright law should accommodate technological progress,» the filing alleges.
«The Copyright Office believes the Supreme Court reached the correct result, confirming that human authorship is required for copyright,» a spokesperson said.
The question of who owns AI-generated artwork and what AI work violates existing copyrights is an important one as AI companies develop increasingly sophisticated image generation tools such as Nano Banana 2 from Googleand video generation tools such as OpenAI’s Sora 2.
While these kinds of tools are making it harder to distinguish between human-generated art and material created by or with AI, they’re also enabling a flood of AI slop across the internet. Tech companies and social media networks have been struggling to find ways to deal with the influx, including using metadata to label AI content and creating better filters to keep unwanted slop away from their users.
A ‘philosophical milestone’ for AI and copyrights
In an email to CNET, Thaler said that although the court declined to hear his appeal, «I see this moment as a philosophical milestone rather than a defeat.»
While he’s unsure if legal action will continue, Thaler says he’s still certain that the law on copyright, as written, is intended to exclude nonhuman inventors.
«By bringing DABUS into the legal system, I confronted a question long confined to theory: whether invention and creativity must remain tied to humans or whether autonomous computational processes could genuinely originate ideas,» Thaler said.
He previously alleged to the court that the Copyright Office’s decision would cause a negative impact on AI development and its use by creative industries in the formative years of the technology’s development.
He warned that the Copyright Office’s current rules could create a «perfect storm» of low-quality AI-generated content that will continue to flood the internet and a wave of lawsuits from humans claiming ownership over work they didn’t create.
«The law is lagging behind what technology can already do,» Thaler said. «The court addressed what the statute currently allows. It did not address what technology has already achieved.»
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