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COVID vaccine boosters: When is it time for that extra shot? Here’s what we know

Officials set an initial Sept. 20 date for vaccine booster shots. We’ll update you on the White House’s booster plan and tell you what’s happening with each vaccine.

For the most up-to-date news and information about the coronavirus pandemic, visit the WHO and CDC websites.

On Friday, The New York Times reported that officials from the Food and Drug Administration as well as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are advising the White House to scale back its original booster recommendation. Last month, President Joe Biden announced that his administration would start offering boosters to those who’d been fully immunized at least eight months ago by the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine. The original plan was contingent on approval by the FDA, which still says there’s not enough data on booster shots to go forward.

Government officials are now cautioning that boosters may be available just for those who received the Pfizer vaccine, because regulators may need more time to evaluate the vaccines from Moderna and Johnson & Johnson.

The booster recommendations come as research shows how the effectiveness of the vaccines can decline. An additional shot from Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer or Moderna could provide enhanced protection against the COVID-19 delta variant as it surges across the country. «Recent data makes clear that protection against mild and moderate disease has decreased over time,» US Surgeon General Vivek Murthy said during an August briefing on COVID-19 vaccines. «This is likely due to both waning immunity and the strength of the widespread delta variant.»

What does all this mean for you? Read on for what we know about COVID-19 booster shots today, including who can get them now, why they’re needed, how they relate to breakthrough infections and what the controversy has been surrounding third shots. We’ll be updating this as new information is released.

Why would a Pfizer vaccine booster be authorized first?

According to a report by The New York Times on Sept. 3, administration health officials warn that the FDA and CDC may not have enough time to approve boosters from Moderna and Johnson & Johnson in time to meet Biden’s goal of starting booster shots on Sept. 20.

While the Pfizer plan seems to remain on track, Moderna announced it just began submitting booster data to the FDA, so the process may take some more time to determine a recommended dosage for a third Moderna shot. Data from Johnson & Johnson has not yet been delivered.

Who would qualify for a booster shot and when?

In August, healthofficials in the Biden administration recommended an additionalshot for Americans 18 and over who are fully vaccinated with thePfizer or Moderna shots, proposing a booster eight months after being fully vaccinated.

During a meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett at the end of August, Biden said administration health officials were evaluating a five-month gap, based in part on data from Israel’s booster program. The news followed a report by The Wall Street Journal that the Biden administration was evaluating a booster shot six months after the last jab.

Waiting months in between doses allows the immune system to develop a full response before it is helped by a boost. Whatever the time gap, the booster plan would need to be evaluated and approved by the FDA. The plan is also pendingrecommendation by the CDC’sAdvisory Committee on Immunization Practices.

«We believethat that third dose will ultimately be needed to provide the fullestand continual extent of protection that we think people need from thevirus,» Murthy said. «Our plan is to stay ahead of this virus by beingprepared to offer COVID-19 booster shots to fully vaccinated adults 18years and older.» Murthy said the FDA will evaluate booster shots forthose younger than 18 years of age, and the administration will followFDA recommendations for minors.

Does full FDA approval of Pfizer’s vaccine include a booster?

On Aug. 23, the FDA approved Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine for two doses for people 16 and older. The Pfizer vaccine is the first to receive FDA approval, while Moderna and Johnson & Johnson vaccines are available under an emergency use authorization. And for children ages 12 to 15, Pfizer’s vaccine is authorized for emergency use.

While a third dose for some immunocompromised individuals is authorized for emergency use, the FDA final authorization does not include a booster shot, which the Biden administration is hoping to roll out as soon as this month. But some health care experts believe the two-shot approval could give a push to those who were waiting on the FDA before getting vaccinated.

«The moment you have been waiting for is here,» Biden said, following the FDA approval. «Now it has been granted. Those who’ve been waiting for full approval should go get their shot now.»

The approval could also lead to more businesses, schools and venues mandating vaccine requirements.

What about a Johnson & Johnson vaccine booster shot?

On Aug. 25, Johnson & Johnson saida booster shot of its COVID-19 vaccine increases antibody responses inthose who received the company’s one-dose vaccine, based on interimdatafrom anearly trial. The company said it would work with public healthofficials on a plan for a booster shot for eightmonths or longerafter the first dose of its vaccine.

Currently,the one-doseJohnson & Johnson vaccine is available under anemergency useauthorization for individuals 18 years of age and older.

Bidenadministration health officials said they expect those who receivedtheone-dose Johnson & Johnson vaccine will need another jab, butmoreresearch is necessary. «We expect more data on J&Jin thecomingweeks,» Murthy said when announcing plans for booster shots in late August.»With thatdata in hand, we willkeep the public informed with thetimely plan forJ&J boostershots.»

What about those eligible for booster shots now?

Some people who already are eligible under guidelines from the CDC can go out and get their third dose of a COVID-19 vaccine immediately. The list of immunocompromised people who can get a third shot includes solid-organ transplant recipients and people who have an «equivalent level of immunocompromise» and who have a reduced ability to fight off infections, making them more vulnerable to the coronavirus. Booster authorization hasn’t yet been expanded more broadly to those with other chronic medical conditions.

The current CDC recommendation is for an additional dose of the two-shot vaccine for certain immunocompromised people. Within that category, the recommendation is for those 18 and older for the Moderna vaccine, and 12 and older for the Pfizer vaccine. The FDA didn’t authorize an additional dose of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, and because of a lack of data the CDC hasn’t recommended a second dose for immunocompromised people who got the one-shot vaccine.

About 3% of US adults are immunocompromised, according to the CDC, but research suggests they account for about 44% of hospitalized breakthrough cases of COVID-19. Not only are they more likely to get very ill from COVID-19, they also have a lower antibody response to vaccines and are at a higher risk of transmitting the virus.

Those with other conditions, like diabetes and heart disease, aren’t advised to get a booster, at least for now. Here’s a list of people the CDC recommends get an extra dose if they got the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine:

  • Those with advanced or untreated HIV infection.
  • Cancer patients and transplant recipients who are taking certain immunosuppressive drugs.
  • Those receiving active cancer treatment for tumors or cancers of the blood.
  • Those with moderate or severe primary immunodeficiency.
  • Patients being treated with high-dose corticosteroids or other drugs that may suppress immune response.
  • People who received a stem cell transplant within the last two years and are taking certain drugs. The CDC says to talk to your medical provider about your health condition and whether a third shot is appropriate.

If you’re unsure whether you’re qualified, the CDC says to talk to your medical provider about your health condition and whether a third dose is appropriate.

Will the booster shots be free and available?

The current one-dose vaccine shot from Johnson & Johnson and two-dose vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer are free to anyone who wants to get vaccinated. And the additional shots will be free too. «These booster shots are free,» Biden said. «It will be easy. Just show your vaccination card and you’ll get a booster. No other ID. No insurance. No state registry requirements.»

«It will be just as easy and convenient to get a booster shot as it is to get a first shot today. We have enough vaccine supply for every American,» said White House COVID-19 Response Coordinator Jeff Zients, adding that those who are eligible will be able to get a booster at roughly 80,000 places across the country, including over 40,000 local pharmacies. Zients said 90% of Americans have a vaccine site within 5 miles of where they live.

What’s behind the need for COVID-19 booster shots?

«The COVID-19 vaccines that are authorized in the United States have been remarkably effective, even against the widespread delta variant,» Murthy said. «But we know that even highly effective vaccines become less effective over time.»

Calling the eradication of the COVID-19 virus «unlikely,» a UK scientific advisory group found (PDF) that there’s a «realistic possibility» that a variant will emerge that is resistant to the current battery of vaccines. Governments, public health organizations and vaccine makers are all tracking developments in coronavirus variants like delta and lambda, hoping to determine if booster shots targeting new variants will be needed among the general population.

What’s the relationship to COVID-19 breakthrough cases?

As of July, in the US, «breakthrough» coronavirus cases caused by the dominant delta variant amount to less than 1% of people who are fully vaccinated. Both the Moderna and Pfizer vaccines have proved to be more than 90% effective against hospitalizations and death. Nonetheless, a CDC study shows that vaccinated people can both contract the highly contagious delta variant and spread it. According to a widely reported internal CDC memo, the delta variant spreads as easily as chicken pox, which is considered more contagious than the flu but less contagious than measles.

The surge in new COVID-19 cases is primarily affecting unvaccinated people and causing community spread, and in turn, prompting the return of mask mandates and guidance in hard-hit areas, even for people who have full vaccine protection. The debate over mask use and vaccine boosters underscores how scientists and other health experts continue to grapple with the uncertainties of COVID-19.

According to Murthy, «We are concerned that this pattern of decline we are seeing will continue in the months ahead, which could lead to reduced protection against severe disease, hospitalization and death.»

What’s the global controversy over booster shots?

Israel is now administering third doses of the vaccine to those 50 and older, and the UK has similar plans for September. However, this is resulting in a backlash among countries that are struggling to deliver first and second shots to residents.

World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus called for a «moratorium» on booster shots in high-income countries, citing the global disparity in vaccine distribution. Of the 4 billion doses administered globally, 80% have gone to high- and upper-middle income countries that make up less than half the world’s population, he said.

«We cannot accept countries that have already used most of the global supply of vaccines using even more of it, while the world’s most vulnerable people remain unprotected. We call on vaccine producers to prioritize Covax,» Tedros said, referring to the world’s COVID-19 vaccine distribution program.

White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki said on Aug. 17 that the US will have enough vaccines to both provide boosters for those who are fully vaccinated in the US and meet the global demand. «We have long planned from enough supply,» she said.

The US has so far shipped 115 million vaccine doses to 80 different countries, Zients said. «Our wartime efforts will continue doing everything we can to get even more people vaccinated both here at home and around the world. We can and must do both at the same time because that’s what it’s going to take to end this pandemic,» he said.

Is it possible to mix and match COVID-19 vaccines?

According to The New York Times, administration officials will recommend people get a booster of the same vaccine they originally received. The CDC now says a third dose of a different vaccine brand is permitted if a dose of the same type isn’t available.

Other global health agencies and countries are testing administered vaccines from two different manufacturers. In the UK, for example, a recent study found that those who received a first dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine and a second of Pfizer had a higher immune response than those who received two doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine.

While we watch how the situation develops, here’s what we know about the delta variant and info on whether you need to continue to wear a mask.

The information contained in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as health or medical advice. Always consult a physician or other qualified health provider regarding any questions you may have about a medical condition or health objectives.

Technologies

Anthropic Pinky-Promises It Won’t Add Ads to Claude

Anthropic’s Super Bowl ads are funny, but can we really trust them?

In the latest chapter of Anthropic’s «We’re not like the other guys» campaign, the AI company is pledging not to introduce advertisements into conversations with its chatbot, Claude. And it’s spending big on Super Bowl ads to make sure you know that fact.

Anthropic’s announcement takes a clear shot at competitor OpenAI. The ChatGPT-maker said a few weeks ago that it would begin testing ads in its products that will be «clearly marked» as sponsored posts. The company also said that ads wouldn’t be served around sensitive or regulated topics, like mental health and politics. 

The news was a stark reversal from previous statements — OpenAI CEO Sam Altman had called ads a «last resort» in 2024.  But it wasn’t entirely unexpected, given the general chaos of the AI industry’s financing.

For a long time, AI startups operated at a loss, spending billions of dollars from venture capitalists and others to build their chatbots without making money. OpenAI and many others now have a complex web of circular deals to keep the lights on, but newer advanced models require more compute, better chips and generally more maintenance and money to keep up. Anthropic certainly isn’t immune to these financial pressures; the company is the the process of securing a new $10 billion funding deal

That’s why AI companies are seeking new revenue streams. Hence the ads.

The concern with including ads in chatbots (beyond general irritation) is that it will push products at the expense of helping users. Anthropic wrote, «Users shouldn’t have to second-guess whether an AI is genuinely helping them or subtly steering the conversation towards something monetizable.» 

There’s also the risk that tech companies will prioritize advertising metrics and revenue over safety or user autonomy. OpenAI did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

Anthropic, for its part, has been very outspoken about the risks posed by AI technology, so it’s not surprising to hear the company weigh in on this issue. CEO Dario Amodei has spoken at length about the potential threat that AI systems may pose to humanity. 

But we have a wealth of examples to draw on — streaming services, smart TVs and now chatbots — where tech companies tried and eventually failed to resist the allure of advertiser money. We can never say never. Anthropic didn’t.

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Overwatch’s New Season 1 Is What the Game Was Always Meant to Be

A commitment to an ongoing story and more frequent new heroes, including five right now, move the game in the direction it always seemed to promise.

In late January, I was among a group of journalists from all around the world packed into the Blizzard Theater in Irvine, California, to watch the 40-minute Overwatch spotlight and hear from Blizzard execs about where the game was going next. I was not prepared for what we saw. Nor were the other journalists, who gasped, laughed and sometimes comically swore as the video showed us what’s coming next for the hero shooter franchise — which turns a decade old later this year.

What stirred up such audible reactions? An ongoing story that’s reflected directly in the game. New subroles with distinct passive abilities. Ten new heroes are coming this year, five of which are arriving next week. One of the later heroes is freaking Jetpack Cat, who was dreamed up in concept art and scrapped before the game was even released. And maybe most surprisingly, dropping the «2» so the game returns to simply being «Overwatch.» 

One of the first questions to that group of execs was about changing the title from Overwatch 2 back to Overwatch — why change, and what does it mean? Johanna Faries, president of Blizzard Entertainment, said the team thought it was the right time for Overwatch to turn the corner in a big way. «It sets us up for a much broader conversation on where the future of this universe [is] and where these characters are going to go.»

Blizzard’s big swing to revitalize Overwatch comes as the game approaches its 10th anniversary in May. Gaming is different in 2026, as newer live-service games can disappear in an instant, and even more tenured franchises like Call of Duty and Battlefield can struggle to retain players. Even Overwatch finally has a major, direct competitor in the team hero shooter genre in Marvel Rivals. So for Blizzard to step up and commit so boldly to this vision is a jolt, a burst of life into a game that has already spent the past couple of years solidifying and expanding its identity with new game modes and features like perks and map voting.

The announcements are both a celebration of the game’s history and a statement that the game is building a bolder future for itself.

Across my own nine-year history playing Overwatch, I’ve experienced its ups and downs, from the heights of queuing with a full six-stack and joining organized team play to the lows of the seemingly interminable double shield meta. And after talking to hero designers, narrative designers, systems designers, artists and voice actors, I left the Blizzard campus reflecting on the idea of playing Overwatch and following its larger story after all these new initiatives launch. One thought stuck with me.

This is how the game was always supposed to feel. 

The emotion of a new cinematic driving the story of Overwatch forward, of puzzling over 10 hero silhouettes and learning that five of them would be ready to play almost immediately… it kindled the same kind of anticipation I had in the movie theater where I first awed over an early Overwatch trailer.

Best of all, fans won’t have to wait for this new era of Overwatch, as its fittingly rebadged Season 1 is launching next week with five heroes up-front and another new hero roughly every other month in each new season. We’ll get two new maps later in the year, alongside the return of postmatch accolades, which updated the old voting cards that let you show some love to players on either team who performed particularly well in a match. 

I got an early look at the journey awaiting Overwatch fans this year during my time at Blizzard. And while I have some lingering questions about how certain elements will play out, here’s why I’m more excited about the game than I’ve ever been.

Overwatch embraces storytelling directly in the game

The world of Overwatch has always felt vibrant and pulsing with lore, but the game has struggled to tell a story outside of an impressionistic narrative you could vaguely piece together between cinematics, comics and occasional in-game events.

Season 1 promises to change that by kicking off the year-long Reign of Talon storyline, beginning with a cinematic that shows major upheaval in the villainous organization and longtime antagonist to Overwatch. The rest of that story will play out over the course of the year, through traditional avenues like hero trailers, short stories and comics, as well as more immersive methods like new voice lines and map changes that reflect story events. 

The Overwatch Spotlight video includes a clip of Talon aircraft assaulting Overwatch’s Gibraltar base, home of operations for genius ape hero Winston. In the media playtest, I fought across a Watchpoint: Gibraltar map that showed the damage of that attack. The bridge outside the starting attacker spawn was partially collapsed, and a flaming beam had crashed down on the airship in the hangar. These map changes breathe life into the larger narrative of a new, more aggressive Talon and make sure players see the consequences of these story beats.

In addition to map changes that illustrate the ongoing story, Overwatch’s narrative and audio designers said that character interactions will also change to reflect the story’s progression, noting an «outrageous amount» of voice lines being added to the game.

Collectively, these changes help bridge the gameplay with the wider world of conflicts and characters that have been the initial point of interest for so many players. 

Five new heroes headline a massive influx over the next year

Overwatch 2 launched with three new heroes and has added another 10 in the three-plus years since then. Now we’re getting 10 heroes in a single year, starting with five who all have connections to existing characters and factions in the game.

  • Domina, the new ranged tank and ally of Talon, is the heiress of Vishkar Industries, the same company that damage hero Symmetra works for and that also suppressed and exploited support hero Lucio’s hometown with technology his father had developed. 
  • Anran, a new fire-themed damage hero, is the older sister of support hero Wuyang. She wields hand fans that can shoot fire, and is a new Overwatch recruit alongside her brother.
  • Emre, a damage hero wielding multiple weapons, is a former Overwatch agent now turned to Talon’s aims. He’s an old friend of damage hero Freja, though the person she found in their recent reunion is very different from the friend she remembers. 
  • Mizuki, an offensively focused support hero, is part of the Talon-aligned Hashimoto clan, which has been facing opposition from the support hero Kiriko and her allies in Japan. 
  • Jetpack Cat, a cat wearing a jetpack, is based on an early Overwatch hero concept long thought to be scrapped. Overwatch support hero Brigitte builds the kitty a jetpack to let her support allies from the skies by towing teammates and trolling enemies.

Multiple developers reiterated that this superdrop of new heroes wasn’t the result of cutting corners or rushing the process, but instead a benefit of improved tools and systems that have shrunk the design time for new heroes from eight months down to four or five. 

«We still wanted to give the characters the same level of care we give any hero that we build,» the game’s Art Director Dion Rogers said in a panel on the new Reign of Talon story’s art.

In the leadership panel, Keller noted that the team wanted to kick off this year with an update that would feel like an expansion for the game, and the best way to do that for a hero shooter was to give them a bunch of new heroes: «People play this type of game … to learn more about these heroes, pick them up and continuously master them,» he said. Launching five heroes at once gives players that much more to engage with and could substantially shake up the meta of hero picks and team compositions.

Buzzing enthusiasm among developers

There’s plenty more driving my optimism beyond the new narrative focus and influx of new heroes. It’s the vibe of the announcements, the willingness for the game to go big, chase ideas and deliver a uniquely Overwatch experience to players. 

There was palpable excitement among the five groups of Blizzard developers that journalists got to hear from at the Overwatch Spotlight event. In a panel about the game’s narrative, Lead Narrative Designer Miranda Moyer buzzed with enthusiasm, speaking alongside Scott Lawson, the game’s audio and technical director, about planning a year-long story, bringing Talon into the fray and how characters and allegiances might change over the course of that story.

«I think a lot of this new story is predicated on questions that have existed since, y’know, Overwatch was an entity [before eventually being disbanded],» Moyer said. She also noted that while some characters may have felt a little out of the loop of any sort of larger narrative throughout previous years of the game’s story, in the new structure «every single character … is pertinent to the overall plot.»

Developers being excited about their game isn’t surprising, but the degree of enthusiasm was encouraging for a game that suffered a years-long content drought followed by a troubled launch for Overwatch 2, stumbling over gated hero releases and long-announced game features that never saw the light of day. The conversations with devs gave me confidence that there’s a vision and passion for Overwatch that can fuel exciting updates like this for a long time to come.

The question marks amid the coming changes

The promises of ongoing stories and new heroes every season — six per year — are two of the most exciting things the game could announce. That said, some announcements from the spotlight raise more curiosity or concern than confidence. 

A major overhaul of the menus forces us to relearn where things are and how to navigate them. The systems design team asserted that the new layout will add value, minimize interruptions and give players choices in menus, and I’m hopeful that the time spent relearning how to get around is worth the payoff. I like the cleaner look, but it will take some time to see how the new layout really feels.

The team also announced that some heroes, such as Ana and Genji, would be getting their second mythic skins before others received their first. I say this as someone who plays lots of Ana and wasn’t at all excited by her mythic skin, but that feels pretty unfair to the rest of the roster, especially given how many new faces we’re getting this year.

Balancing is the other element that feels like a bigger question mark in 2026. Dropping five heroes simultaneously and adding a new hero every season is going to put a lot more pressure on the team responsible for balance.

I asked Associate Game Director Alec Dawson about the challenge of balancing five new heroes at once. He acknowledged that the team does still want heroes to feel «impactful» at launch, but said they «probably went a bit too far» with recent releases. 

«It’s good to have an impactful launch. It’s not good if your hero is banned in almost every match you’re in,» Dawson said. 

The hero design team told us that they’ll be keeping a close eye on Jetpack Cat, especially given that permanent flight is an entirely new element in the game, and there are very few restrictions on her Lifeline ability that lets you fly allies around the map. Hero designer Scott Kennedy added that the team knows it’s going to be difficult to figure out all at once and that they’ll react quickly if things are out of line.

A new day and a familiar feel for Overwatch

The Spotlight video alone felt like Overwatch returning to the wonder and imagination that powered its 2016 launch. And the experience of talking to a variety of developers — and particularly seeing the seemingly unseverable thread of enthusiasm that connected them — made me as hopeful for the game as I’ve been since I started playing. The promise driving a story forward seems to mirror the team’s own internal hopes for shepherding the game into something bigger and bolder.

In a group interview with global media, I asked the game’s director, Aaron Keller, whether the Spotlight announcements were a commitment to moving the game forward — not just in terms of game mechanics but using it to tell a story beyond just brief snippets we’ve gotten from cinematics and events. He referenced the «amazing, sentimental» character pieces they’ve done so far, but said the team wants the new story to go somewhere. 

«We want to take players on a journey over the course of this year — and over the course of many years,» Keller said. «We want to be doing this for as long as players are going to tune in for it.»

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I Bought the Galaxy Z TriFold for Over $3,000. Follow Along as I Test It (Live Updates)

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