TikTok will need to reach deep into its pockets after the Irish data watchdog hit the social video platform with a massive 530 million euro ($600 million) fine on Friday. 

Ireland’s Data Protection Commission charged the company with violating Europe’s strict privacy laws by not doing enough to ensure that anyone’s data transferred to China is properly protected from government surveillance. The DPC also said that if TikTok doesn’t make changes to comply with its ruling within six months, it will have to completely suspend data transfers to China.

TikTok failed to verify, guarantee and demonstrate that it was adequately protecting people’s personal data that could be remotely accessed by staff in China, DPC Deputy Commissioner Graham Doyle said in a statement. «As a result of TikTok’s failure to undertake the necessary assessments, TikTok did not address potential access by Chinese authorities to EEA personal data under Chinese anti-terrorism, counter-espionage and other laws identified by TikTok as materially diverging from EU standards,» he added.

Read more: Best Identity Theft Protection for 2025

The EU’s General Data Protection Regulation, which came into effect in 2018, means that people in Europe benefit from strong privacy protections. When companies are found to be breaking the rules, they can receive fines of up to 20 million euros or 4% of their annual turnover, whichever is greater. The GDPR has formed the basis of other data privacy rules around the world, including California’s Consumer Privacy Act. The intention behind these rules is to guarantee people transparency over how their data is used, and to empower them to object when it’s used in ways they don’t approve of.

In the case of TikTok and the EU, the company has said that it’s never received any specific requests for European user data from the Chinese government. It believes that the period the fine applies to precedes 2023, when it put in place a 12 billion euro data security initiative in the EU called Project Clover.

«The decision fails to fully consider these considerable data security measures,» said Christine Grahn, TikTok’s head of public policy and government relations for Europe in a statement. «We disagree with this decision and intend to appeal it in full.»

Microsoft is once again moving closer to a passwordless future.

In a bold step toward embracing passkeys – which uses cryptography to better protect data from hackers and phishing scams – new Microsoft accounts will now be passwordless by default. Instead, the company will issue a prompt to set up passkeys as part of an effort to make the process more secure.

The company announced the news on World Password Day, which is observed on the first Thursday in May – a day that’s been used to encourage people to review their passwords and security settings since Intel created the event in 2013.

The need to get a better grasp on password protection comes at a time when many big tech companies are pushing to eliminate passwords altogether. Apple rolled out passkeys as part of iOS 16 in 2022, followed by Google, which allows people to sign in to Google and other popular accounts such as Amazon, WhatsApp and PayPal via fingerprint, face scan, PIN or pattern using a device’s lock screen. 

«Although passwords have been around for centuries, we hope their reign over our online world is ending,» Microsoft said in a blog post. 

Weak passwords don’t just make users vulnerable to hackers, they’re also often reused across multiple platforms, from banking apps to email to social media.

Now when a new Microsoft user attempts to enter a password and set up a «one time code» on their account, the company will prompt them to sign in with the code instead of the password and then encourage them to enroll a passkey. When they visit again, they’ll be prompted to sign in with the passkey – not a password. Meanwhile, existing users can visit their account settings to delete their password. 

«This simplified experience gets you signed in faster and in our experiments has reduced password use by over 20%,» the company added. «As more people enroll passkeys, the number of password authentications will continue to decline until we can eventually remove password support altogether.»

Last year, the company introduced passkey support for Microsoft accounts for its consumer apps and services like Xbox and Copilot. It has since seen nearly a million passkeys registered every day.

Not a perfect solution

Lorrie Cranor, a security professor at Carnegie Mellon University, acknowledged that passkeys generally have security advantages over passwords, especially because many consumers still use the same password for many accounts, but said passkeys aren’t perfect either.

«From a security perspective, it is great to see them being pushed out to consumers, but I do have some concerns about their usability, especially in cases where consumers have multiple devices or lose or upgrade a device.» she said. «Shared accounts and devices may also be problematic.»

However, she said the companies pushing for passkeys should address the usability issues, implement secure and usable fallback authentication procedures over time.

«[They’ll need to] support users who run into problems,» Cranor said.

Three weeks ago, staring at the PC I built in the summer of 2020, I started receiving invites to preview upcoming games that my old rig just couldn’t handle. Then, President Donald Trump announced the largest slate of tariffs on imported goods I’ve ever seen in my lifetime. So I did what seemed like a sane thing: I panic-bought a prebuilt PC.

It’s generally unwise to make rash decisions on tech products. But, with the pandemic supply chain pains still relatively fresh for many of us, the impulse is understandable. As Trump’s reciprocal tariffs went into effect and were then temporarily paused for 90 days — but ramped up for China, where many PC components are sourced — confusion reigns. It may seem smart to rush out and buy the things that might shoot up in price, but at least for now, they haven’t. My professional tech reporter advice is: Don’t do what I did. 

In fact, as Group Vice President for the International Data Corporation’s Worldwide Device Tracker suite, Ryan Reith said, people are doing the opposite and not buying enough.

«I think some panic buying is happening, maybe incremental, but the main thing is the channels are going to have enough [products heading to retailers],» Reith said. «Actually, in June and as we head into July [and] the second half of the year, there’s likely to be elevated inventory in the channel.»

Read more: Tracking Tariff Prices: See How the New Tariffs Are Hitting These 11 Popular Products

In my haste, I rushed to consult a couple of Discord groups full of friends and did some cursory research, finally settling on a prebuilt NZXT PC: For $2,000, I could pick up a ready-made desktop with the specs (Ryzen 7 9700X CPU, Nvidia GeForce RTX 5070, 32GB of DDR5 RAM) to hopefully last me for at least four to five years of 1440p gaming. I could either bring my old box up to current specs by updating a lot of components or just get a whole new system and save myself the trouble. 

But when Trump announced he’d roll back tariffs, and I checked my NZXT PC’s 30-day return policy, I finally took the time to do some serious research. I cleared up some personal misconceptions (my existing NZXT H510 Elite case wasn’t too small for current midrange GPUs) and planned how I could upgrade my current system — a Ryzen 5 3600 CPU, Nvidia GeForce GTX 1080, 16GB of DDR4 RAM — without having to replace everything.

I could’ve gone for a moderate GPU, CPU and RAM upgrade for $700 to $800 and maybe get two to four years out of it — but if my PC is going under the knife, I might as well future-proof it for five years and beyond, right? In what I hoped wasn’t overconfidence (how hard would it be to upgrade my desktop, having never done it before?), I rebuilt my current rig, buying $1,600 worth of parts and praying I wouldn’t brick my system. 

As I’m typing this from my new-and-improved computer, I’ll spoil the ending: The machine got built and I didn’t ruin anything (as far as I know). But the whole process was a stressful rollercoaster, a blitz of last-minute research to revise and then re-revise my plans for what would be the best components for my money. From figuring out what’s new in PC parts over the last five years to reading the global trade tea leaves for an unprecedented reality check in our global economy, dropping $2,000 plus tax and shipping on a pre-built PC seemed like the safest reasonable course.

The big thing I learned was that nobody — not consumers, not manufacturers, not analysts looking at the big picture — has a playbook for upgrading your PC in a time of this much uncertainty. Perhaps tariffs will spike prices, and I won’t be able to afford these parts in the coming months or years. Perhaps they’ll go away tomorrow, and I’ll be the fool for upgrading in a hurry. But since certainty is scarce these days, at least I ended up with a sound system. 

Early lessons

Knowing what I know now — that supply isn’t evaporating in the next week, that some retailers do bundle deals, that every single component I settled on is the subject of furious online debate about whether it’s truly the best in its category — I would have made some smarter choices to save a little money and spare myself some headaches. 

I’ll share my lessons learned, but if you’re similarly watching the tariffs and panicking about upgrading your PC, what I’ve heard is this: Retailers probably have at least five or six weeks of inventory, so don’t expect prices to skyrocket in the next month. Some retailers may have seen the writing on the wall and increased their stock even more. But beyond that is unclear. The tariff situation changes by the day, and a swift resolution or easing could avoid the sharp increases in prices that are expected to hit consumers in the coming months. 

Know also that this situation is shifting even beyond the understanding of experts, so make the best choice for yourself without counting on positive or negative shifts. And for all my fellow PC gamers out there who’ve long suffered sky-high GPU prices thanks to cryptocurrency mining, pandemic supply shortages and now AI computation, I’m sorry — maybe someday graphics cards will be affordable again.

A crash course in PC parts — and prices

If you’ve never built a PC, there are a handful of parts that work together to make a proper desktop computer — parts that are customized and miniaturized to pack into consoles like the Xbox Series X/S and PS5, but which come in more standardized formats to slot in and out of a PC. You need all of them, with respectable levels of quality, to run today’s best games. 

But it’s not so simple as picking a budget and sticking to it. There are different levels of PC gaming, roughly broken down by screen resolution and frame rate — the big factors that demand better parts as you ask for higher performance tiers. Today’s gaming starts at 1080p, or full HD (roughly 1,920 by 1,080 pixels), the gaming baseline. Then there’s 1440p, or quad HD (approximately 2,560 by 1,440 pixels), which adds more space for sharper details. Finally, there’s Ultra HD, aka 4K UHD or 2160p, which translates to 3,840 by 2,160 pixels and is generally the highest resolution for gaming. Frame rate matters, with 60 frames per second as the current low end that gamers will accept (and computer displays will be capable of), which rises to 120, 144 or 240 fps and beyond. 

Pick a resolution and a frame rate, and you’ll have a target for your budget. As I wanted to be 1440p gaming at 144 fps, I figured I’d have to shell out $600 to $800 or more for a decent GPU to play new graphically demanding games coming out at those specs for five years or more.

Figuring out which parts to buy alongside the GPU took days of feverish research — not just what I would need to get the most out of my graphics card, but to make sure they’d work with my now five-year-old case, power supply and NZXT liquid cooler, the Kraken Z63. Finding the right components was a wobbling calculus of balancing interoperability, value, performance and reliability that quickly drove me to madness.

Here’s what I’ll tell you for free: There’s no correct answer. Each part I looked at was the subject of heated debate. There’s a tenuous consensus among fans, YouTube experts and computing journalists about which component is generally the best bang for the buck — but that needs to be cross-referenced with everything else you’re putting into a build. It’s all a hodgepodge of Reddit «would this PC build work» questions and YouTube videos listing a haphazard collection of benchmarks shared by strangers across time and space. Rarely did I get someone with my exact situation and potential build.

What I ended up with was a parts list that roughly matched what other prebuilt PCs in my price range were featuring: an AMD Ryzen 7 9700X CPU, an Nvidia GeForce RTX 5070 Ti and 32GB of TeamGroup T-Force DDR5 RAM. My old motherboard couldn’t handle such a new CPU and the newer DDR5 RAM, so I had to swap that out too, for an Asus Tuf Gaming B650-Plus Wi-Fi. With thermal paste, a battery-operated air duster to clear out my dusty case, and an antistatic wristband (more out of superstition than necessity), I paid $1,650 all told. Transparency.

Doubtless, I could’ve found some of those components for less if I’d waited — I begrudgingly overpaid for the GPU. I later learned that a nearby Micro Center was selling my CPU and similar motherboards at a bundled discount. But considering my panic, I figure I made out with a decent setup that’s future-proofed beyond the next few years. It should also be able to handle early versions of games for prerelease previews that may be built with Nvidia’s GPUs in mind, avoiding potentially poor optimization with AMD’s GPUs that developers may not prioritize before release.

Parts in hand, there remained the actual process of rebuilding my PC, and sparing the details, it went about as well as it could. Replacing parts wasn’t too onerous, but each step included secret sub-steps that proved increasingly annoying. Installing a new motherboard? Preload a USB drive to install a BIOS update. Using an old liquid cooler with a new AM5 CPU? Buy a special mounting bracket. Swap out enough parts? You’ll need to find your old Windows 10 key or buy a new one. And then there was the usual trial-and-error as I figured out where the litany of plugs, cords and cables slotted into the motherboard ports.

I could’ve saved all this hassle by sticking with the prebuilt PC, which loomed forlornly behind me as I installed new parts, tempting me to abandon my frustrating crucible in favor of true plug-and-play. But there’s something scrappy about fixing the stuff you have rather than buying an entirely new replacement, and it’s more environmentally friendly to reuse what you can. In reacquainting myself with the ins and outs of my PC, I felt myself earn a bit more gamer street cred, as well as understanding how my pretty box of silicon and circuits makes gorgeous games appear on my displays, all in 1440p at 144 fps, of course.

OK, when should I panic-buy PC parts, then?

Trump’s tariffs will have irregular effects on consumer goods prices, especially those from China. That can change tomorrow, or even in the coming hours, making it difficult to give solid advice for when consumers should upgrade their PCs or pick up other hardware. It’s a mixture of watching past performance and soothsaying the likelihood of the Trump administration making deals with companies, industries and other nations to soften the tariff blows (or avoid them entirely).

Nobody — not even manufacturers directly dealing with these issues — has clarity about the tariffs or their impact, according to the conversations IDC’s Reith is having.

 «There’s still this massive level of confusion among some of the largest tech suppliers in the industry about where things are at today, like at any given point today, this hour, this minute and so forth,» Reith said. «And all these companies clearly have uncertainty in making forward-looking decisions.»

That doesn’t mean device manufacturers aren’t doing anything. Between April 2, when Trump announced the reciprocal tariffs, and April 9, when he paused them for 90 days, many companies that Reith and his team at IDC track rushed to fill orders and get inventory into the US. They even «confirmed very confidently» that, as was reported at the time, Apple loaded cargo airliners full of iPhones in India and flew them into America days ahead of April 2. «So there are these types of measures that are being taken,» Reith said, «but none of them with confidence.»

For now, companies are shipping more products to the US during this 90-day pause in reciprocal tariffs than normal because they know exactly how much they’ll cost — and that they won’t have to necessarily charge consumers more or shift their pricing or supply strategy within this window. If nothing changes, when those tariffs resume on July 9, as Trump’s executive order currently dictates they will, those prices could change more drastically.

So why aren’t we seeing a wave of consumers panic-buy big products like I did? On a panel discussion between IDC experts on Wednesday, research vice president Linn Huang noted that prices are increasing so much already that people might not be able to afford to. «Costs have gone up significantly everywhere, and it’s squeezing out the ability for a lot of these consumers to make panic purchases on the commercial side,» he said. 

Unlike the early days of the pandemic lockdown when people saved more of their paychecks due to staying quarantined in their homes, people’s incomes are getting drained even faster now. Combine that with uncertainty about whether their business or industry will see a downturn, or even potentially lose their job, and it’s little surprise that consumers haven’t rushed out to respond to tariffs.

Retailers could raise prices in response, but IDC’s experts expect them to lower the quality of goods within their bundled items. For PCs, this could mean offering lower-performance components. 

From that perspective, it could be good that I rushed out to get the PC parts I did at around pre-tariff prices. But there’s no way to tell whether things will change for the better or worse tomorrow. All I know for certain is that my old PC feels new again, and all my games — for work and play — are pumping out ultra-quality graphics and high frame rates. At least in this corner of the world, my gaming free time is calm.