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As a ‘Sea Ice Free’ Arctic Looms, the Climate Consequences Are Mounting

Research points to a milestone in the 2030s, but sea ice is already disappearing at an unprecedented rate. And that affects all of us.

The sound of ice cracking underneath the hull of a 25,500-ton icebreaker is unmistakable. No matter where you are — shuffling along the lunch line in the galley or sitting on the observation deck with a pack of cards — the wincing of steel and crunching of ice can shriek through the ship. It’s almost ghostly; undeniably haunting. 

The sight of the ice? That’s mesmerizing. From the deck of Australia’s icebreaker, the RSV Nuyina, on which I sailed to Antarctica for more than five weeks at the start of 2022, it’s like looking out over a Martian landscape that’s been covered in a coat of stark white paint. In the distance, castles of ice rise from the vast, unbroken ice sheet. At the foot of one fortress, a battalion of King penguins lurks, unfazed by the freezing temperatures. Behind the ship, smaller Adelie penguins avoid a scrap with a leopard seal by climbing onto an island of ice and scurrying away. 

Sea ice is vital to the Antarctic ecosystem. It’s not just a refuge for penguins and other animals, but a fundamental facet of life for creatures further down the food chain too, like Antarctic krill. It means life. The ice is also critical for heat because it’s more reflective than water, bouncing back more sunlight than the ocean, and it can act as a physical barrier, impacting the exchange of gases between the ocean and the atmosphere and protecting the continent’s ice shelves. 

The Antarctic is currently experiencing the lowest level of sea ice since satellites began taking measurements in 1979. It’s an anomaly scientists are concerned about and monitoring closely. It was just a decade ago that sea ice in the Antarctic reached record highs, but generally low extents have been observed since 2016. It’s worrying, and could signal a shift in the sea ice dynamics down south, but the situation is more dire at the opposite end of the planet.

There, at the Earth’s northern extreme, the Arctic is experiencing an increase in temperatures two to four times higher than anywhere else in the world, and sea ice has decreased by about 12% per decade since the beginning of the satellite era. About 548,000 square miles of sea ice has been lost since 1979, equivalent to losing an area of ice roughly half the size of India. It’s seen a more rapid decline since 2000. 

It’s one of the most obvious signs that greenhouse gas emissions are shifting the planet’s equilibrium. Researchers say we can take steps to slow the changes, but we need to act with urgency.

The 4 million people who call the Arctic home rely on the Arctic Ocean for food and transportation. The Indigenous peoples of the Arctic, who make up about 10% of the population, have a vibrant and longstanding cultural connection to the region that is slowly dripping away as regions become free of sea ice for the first time in millennia. 

Meanwhile, the distribution of wildlife is shifting and behaviors are changing, altering the interactions between predators and prey. The Arctic’s famous polar bears rely on the ice to hunt and now have to travel further to eat, whereas the narwhal, a near-mythic, tusked whale, faces increased threats from killer whales lingering in exposed, warmer waters and disruptions to its migratory patterns.

Our best models currently predict the Arctic will be «sea ice free» within the next few decades, perhaps as soon as the 2030s. Antarctica’s sea ice is more of a mystery. But at both poles, sea ice is disappearing at an unprecedented rate. 

And when the ice ends it’s not just the ends of the Earth that will change. It’s the entire planet.

An already changed Arctic

The Arctic Ocean’s sea ice expands during the winter, peaking in March, before retreating toward the North Pole. It typically reaches its lowest extent in mid-September. It never completely melts away — the North Pole itself is typically surrounded, and up to a fifth of the ice in the Arctic is so-called multiyear ice, persisting for more than a year. 

Our understanding of this rhythmic pulse in the Northern Hemisphere stretches back for millennia. Indigenous peoples of the Arctic have passed down knowledge of the sea ice’s extent for thousands of years, particularly around coastal communities. Iceland’s government has been keeping detailed records since the 1600s, while log books and diaries kept during early exploration by ship provide a surprising amount of detail on where and when the Arctic Ocean froze over.

Our ability to understand the ice changed dramatically with the launch of the Nimbus-7 satellite in late 1978. The NASA and NOAA polar-orbiting satellite was fitted with an instrument that provided a way to observe the extent of the sea ice all year round, no matter the weather conditions, by studying the microwave energy bounced back from the surface. Continuous records have been taken since 1979, and the analysis has been deeply troubling. The extent of Arctic sea ice has been decreasing across those four decades, with each of the last 16 years the lowest on record.

Video: Changes in Arctic sea ice

Video credit: NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio

For decades, scientists have tried to pinpoint when the total extent of Arctic sea ice will drop below 1 million square kilometers (or about 386,000 square miles) — the marker denoting a «sea ice-free» summer. In 2009, for instance, one study used climate models to determine that this mark would be hit by 2037. Other research has shown that the timing is unpredictable, with analyses suggesting we might still be decades away.

In June, a study in the journal Nature Communications analyzed 41 years of satellite data, from 1979 to 2019, reiterating that human greenhouse gas emissions are the dominant force in reduction of Arctic sea ice. It also generated a flurry of worrying headlines focused on the first ice-free summer, citing the near end of a range that it said had shifted to as early as the 2030s to 2050s. But those headlines gloss over a critical point: The current losses of summer sea ice are already having devastating effects.

«Although the first ice-free Arctic summer has constantly been a point of interest for understanding and communicating climate change, it’s more a symbolic threshold in some sense,» says Zachary Labe, a climate scientist at Princeton University and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. «Arctic climate change is already happening now and in all months of the year.»

An Antarctic paradox

From the beginning of the satellite era until 2010, Antarctic sea ice experienced a slight increase, with an acceleration in winter sea ice extent between 2012 and 2014. This was unexpected. Global temperatures have unequivocally risen in this time, largely due to human-induced climate change, raising ocean temperatures. Sea ice should’ve been melting. It didn’t.

The phenomenon was dubbed the Antarctic paradox.

Many climate models haven’t been able to reproduce these effects, though at least one high-resolution model has had success. Though explaining the paradox has been difficult, scientists have several hypotheses.

Natalie Robinson, a marine physicist at New Zealand’s National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, points out that changing wind patterns, release of freshwater from Antarctica, and ocean stratification could all have played a role over the last four decades, but she says that pointing to one variable as a driver of the increase is virtually impossible. «In reality, all of these processes act simultaneously and influence each other,» she notes. 

About seven years ago, the story began to change. Antarctic sea ice extent plummeted in 2016 and hasn’t totally recovered since. In 2023, winter sea ice extent is dramatically lower than we’ve ever seen in the satellite era. 

«Antarctic sea-ice extent has now adopted a downward trajectory as expected under warming and is congruent with observations of surface warming in the Southern Ocean,» says Petra Heil, a polar ice scientist with the Australian Antarctic Division. Graphs generated by Labe show the stark decline. 

A line graph of Antarctic sea ice extent in 2023 generated by Zachary Labe

The record low extent has scientists concerned. Understanding the paradoxical increase over the past four decades could help unlock the reasons behind this sudden change. Does it represent a shift to a worrying new normal? Or is it merely a blip that can be attributed to the normal range of variability? 

«There is certainly a fair bit of concern in the scientific community that it’s the former,» says Robinson. 

«And we are racing to find out.»

When the ice ends

The great white sheets at either end of the Earth are particularly good at reflecting sunlight. Sea ice covers about 15% of the world’s oceans across the year, and up to 70% of the heating energy is reflected back into space. Cover that ice with a dusting of snow and up to 90% can be reflected.  

When the sea ice disappears, the energy is absorbed by the ocean, raising its temperature. «In a positive feedback loop this ocean warming leads to even more ice loss and global warming,» says Heil. She suggests conceptualizing the impact of sea-ice loss by thinking about sea ice as the air conditioning unit of the Earth.

When the sea ice disappears, our planetary AC unit is being switched off. It becomes harder to reflect that heat into space and we lose the ability to «self-regulate» the Earth’s climate.

The change doesn’t affect just the ocean surface and the Earth’s air temperatures, though. Sea ice also plays one of the most critical roles on the planet in the ocean’s depths. As seawater freezes into ice, salt is expelled, making the surrounding water denser. This heavier, colder water sinks and gets whisked around the planet. Warmer waters are predominantly pushed by wind into the polar regions, then freeze up into ice. The cycle is known as thermohaline circulation. 

«This process can be regarded as the starting point/engine of the global oceans’ overturning circulation,» says Jan Lieser, a sea ice scientist with the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and University of Tasmania.

image of the global conveyor belt with red arrows signifiying warmer water pushing around into the poles and blue arrows signifying colder deep currents

As the oceans continue to warm at both poles and sea ice extent decreases, this deep ocean current is likely to be disturbed. The knock-on effects could disrupt the polar ecosystems as nutrients and ocean biogeochemistry are altered, particularly in the Southern Ocean, where circulation is also heavily influenced by Antarctic meltwater and the currents already show signs of slowdown

The atmosphere and ocean systems are incredibly complex and intertwined. Though the focus has long been on the extent of the sea ice, thickness also plays a role. So does snow cover. These measurements are harder to include in models because they’ve traditionally been difficult to gather. There are also differences at either pole. The Arctic typically has had thicker sea ice lasting for years, whereas Antarctic sea ice freezes new each year. 

It now seems highly unlikely that the current declines can be stopped but Heil, and her colleague Melinda Webster from the University of Washington, say «it’s possible to slow and mitigate further detrimental effects of a warming climate by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and implementing ways to reduce existing atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations to levels that can sustain a habitable climate.» 

On June 16, Heil and Webster, and more than 60 other polar scientists responded to the changes to the poles by calling for «urgent intensification of national and international research and observational capabilities in view of rapid Arctic and Antarctic change.»

«Action is required now,» she says, «to give future generations a fighting chance to mitigate the negative consequences of a warming climate.»

The anomaly in Antarctica’s sea ice this year, as if sounding its own alarm and affirming Heil’s calls, has only continued its downward trajectory.  

Technologies

Watch a Robot Stuff Cash Into a Wallet Just Like You Do

Generalist AI’s Gen-1 model is all about «teaching robots physical common sense.»

In 2026, we’re seeing robots progress by leaps and bounds with markedly improved dexterity, the kind of progress long needed in the quest for truly useful household helpers. Now a new AI model has arrived to power robots through activities, including folding laundry, constructing boxes, fixing other robots and even filling wallets with flimsy paper money.

Earlier this month, California-based company Generalist AI released Gen-1, a new physical AI model that makes robots capable of performing all of these tasks (and more) with success. It’s a big step forward in terms of robots designed for the real world based on intelligence born from the real world, Pete Florence, co-founder and CEO of Generalist AI told me.

In most of the example videos published by the company, Gen-1 is seen running on a pair of robotic arms, but that’s not all it’s built for. «Gen-1 is designed to be the brain of any robot, meaning the same model can run on a humanoid, an industrial arm or other robotic systems,» said Florence.

Already, this has proved to be a breakthrough year for general-purpose humanoid robots, with companies including Boston Dynamics and Honor unveiling cutting-edge bots capable of uncannily humanlike movements. The market for robots is expected to explode, with one estimate from Morgan Stanley predicting growth to a $5 trillion market by 2050. Predictions see robots coming for industry, retail, hospitality and care environments before eventually landing in our homes. To get us there, we need to see further advances in AI.

Training robots to live alongside humans

Over the past few years we’ve seen large language models, such as ChatGPT, Gemini and Claude, evolve at lightning speed. The same hasn’t been true of the physical AI models required to power robots, in large part because of a lack of data to train those models on. Robots — and especially humanoid robots — must learn to navigate a world built for humans just as a human would.

Often this data is collected from robots performing tasks while being teleoperated by humans, but not Gen-1. Instead, the dataset used to train Generalist AI’s models has been assembled by humans completing millions of different tasks using wearable technology.

«We built our own lightweight ‘data hands’ and distributed them globally to learn how people actually interact with objects, with all the subtle force feedback, tactile feel, slips, corrections and recoveries that define human dexterity in the real world,» said Florence. «That kind of data is critical for teaching robots physical common sense, the intuitive understanding and ability to adapt in real time rather than execute rigid instructions.»

Generalist AI has released a series of videos showing the model running on robots repetitively performing a range of different tasks, with the most compelling, perhaps, being a robot drawing cash out of a wallet before reinserting it into the same pocket. This is a fiddly task that many humans fumble over. It’s clearly not easy for the robot, either, given the flimsiness of the paper money and the fabric of the wallet — and yet it completes the task.

Another video shows a robot sorting socks by color, folding them in neat piles and counting the number of pairs using a touchscreen. Other tricky tasks the model can complete include unzipping and filling a pencil case with pens, stacking oranges in a neat pyramid and plugging in an Ethernet cable.

These videos show the breadth of Gen-1’s capabilities, but more impressive is the success rate with which it can complete certain tasks. Generalist AI measured the model’s hit rate against the previous version and found Gen-1 could successfully service a robot vacuum cleaner in 99% of cases (up from 50% for Gen-0), fold boxes in 99% of cases (up from 81% for Gen-0) and package up phones in 99% of cases (up from 62% for Gen-0).

Robots do improv

Most robots are programmed to complete a task in a specific and orderly way. But what happens when a curve ball gets thrown? «The smallest changes in the environment can cause failures,» said Florence.

An important skill robots need, which humans innately possess, is the ability to think on their feet. This is why Gen-1 has been designed with improvisation in mind so it can come up with strategies to complete tasks. Florence gives me an example of a robot using two hands to reposition an awkwardly placed part for an automotive task, even though it has only been trained to use one. 

«This kind of creativity has been largely absent from robotics until now,» he said.

Significant work still needs to be done when it comes to beefing up robots’ improv chops, but early progress show glimpses of a positive impact on both reliability and speed, says Florence. «We’re beginning to see real progress and are excited to push the boundaries of embodied intelligence.» 

After all, there may come a day when you need a robot in your house that can fix all your other smaller robots.  

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Technologies

iPhone 17 Pro Camera Battles the Galaxy S26 Ultra: Let the Fun Begin

They’re both top-end flagship phones, but which one takes better photos? I wanted to find out.

Both Apple’s iPhone 17 Pro and Samsung’s Galaxy S26 Ultra earned coveted CNET Editors’ Choice awards in their full reviews. And they damned well earned them, too, thanks to their stellar overall performance and wealth of top-end tech on board. But they also garnered praise for their camera quality, with both able to take great-looking photos in a variety of conditions. But which does it better? 

As a professional photographer myself, I was keen to find out, so I took them on a series of photo walks around Scotland to put them to the test in the same conditions. 

Before we dive in, a few notes from me. First, all images were captured in JPEG format using the standard camera app on each phone. On some images on the iPhone, Apple’s Gold Photographic Style was activated; on others, it was set to Standard, and I’ll be highlighting which is which. The images have been imported into Adobe Lightroom for comparison purposes and exported at smaller file sizes to better suit online viewing. No edits to the images themselves were made, and no sharpening was applied on the export. 

Read moreThese Are the Best Phone Cameras That We’ve Tested

Crucially, though, it’s important to keep in mind that the analysis here is my opinion. Photography is largely subjective, and what might look good to one person might not to another. For me, I love a more natural-looking image with accurate tones that I could then edit further later if I want to. You may like a punchy, vibrant tone straight out of the camera, and that’s fine. You’ll just need to take my results here with a slight pinch of salt. 

All that said, let’s dive in.

This was an image I took with the Gold filter accidentally enabled on the iPhone. So its warmer color tones are to be expected to an extent, but what I liked more here is the depth of shadow that the iPhone has maintained. The S26 Ultra has done a fair bit of processing here to lift those shadows and create a more balanced exposure overall, but I think it’s killed some of the evening drama as a result. I see this in a lot of Android phones, to be fair. 

Taken earlier in the day, there’s much less difference to be seen here. The iPhone’s colors are a bit warmer, thanks to the Gold filter, but they actually look more natural as a result. The shot doesn’t look warm in its white balance; it just has a richness to it, while the S26 Ultra’s shot looks quite cold. 

I switched the iPhone to Standard Photographic Style here, and as a result, the shot it took looks pretty similar to that taken by the Galaxy S26 Ultra. The exposures are pretty much the same, and while the green plants on the steps definitely look more vivid in the Galaxy’s shot, the colors elsewhere are broadly on par. 

If I’m nitpicking — which I really have to when the phones cost this much money — the S26 Ultra appears to have done a neater job rendering the details on the front of the VW Camper’s spare wheel. I also noticed more detail in some of the small twigs on the tree, especially where they’re visible against the sky. Is that a difference you’d ever notice without a side-by-side comparison? Definitely not. But this whole article is basically an exercise in pedantry, so I will continue to pick away at even the tiniest of things in these photos.

I’m back on the Gold Photographic Style with the iPhone here, so again, those warmer tones are to be expected, but I will say again that I much prefer the deeper shadows seen on the house in the Apple phone’s image. It looks much more natural, while the S26 Ultra’s shot looks a bit too HDR and oversaturated for my tastes. But that’s not the most important thing here…

What took me more by surprise was what happened when I put each phone into the ultrawide camera mode. The iPhone’s color tones stay almost exactly the same, but the Galaxy’s image has shifted quite dramatically between the main and ultrawide lenses.

The blue sky has shifted its hue into a much more teal-toned color, and I’m surprised by just how different it looks from the main camera. I usually expect to see these sorts of color shifts on cheaper phones, where there’s less effort put into ensuring consistent colors across the lenses. So I’m a bit disappointed to see Samsung’s phones producing such a noticeable shift here. 

The iPhone 17 Pro also displays a color shift, but it’s far less pronounced than the S26 Ultra’s.

I turned on the zooms on both phones. With its 10x optical zoom, the S26 Ultra has a longer reach than the 8x on the iPhone 17 Pro, but in terms of details within those images, there’s honestly nothing to choose between them. Again, the iPhone had the Gold style applied, so it looks warmer, and also again, the S26 Ultra has gone further in lightening those shadows. I can’t really say either one is better than the other in this example. 

But there’s a much bigger difference in this example. The colors are much richer in the iPhone’s shot, even though the Photographic Style is set to Standard. The S26 Ultra’s shot looks like the phone’s white balance has been tricked by the warm orange tones of the brickwork, and produced a colder-looking image as a result. 

But I also don’t like what the S26 Ultra has done with the details here. It’s oversharpened the scene, giving a weird, crunchy look to the subject that looks extremely unnatural. The iPhone, despite not having the same zoom range on paper, has delivered a much better-looking image, even when viewed at the same scale. 

But here the opposite seems to have happened. The iPhone has looked at this warm, sun-drenched scene and automatically set its white balance to cool it, while the S26 Ultra has maintained those warmer tones. Sure, the greens of the leaves in the S26’s image look almost neon, but the image overall is the nicer of the two in my view. 

The iPhone has done a much better job here of capturing the warmer tones that I loved so much when I took these images. I do think the S26 Ultra has gone too far in its hyper-saturation of the green leaves. Sure, it’s a punchy look, but if I wanted that much saturation, I’d maybe add a bit more back in in the editing stage. I’d much rather have a more natural image as a starting point, so the iPhone takes the win here for me.

There’s so little to pick out between the images here. The greens are a little more vibrant in the S26 Ultra’s shot, but the tones overall in the iPhone’s are a bit more natural. Neither one is a spectacular photo, and honestly, you may as well toss a coin to decide which one is better. 

Switching to the ultrawide lenses on both phones, the S26 Ultra has again gone quite hard on the saturation, delivering a much more vibrant blue sky than it did in its image from the main camera. As before, I’m not a fan of this sort of high-contrast, high-saturation photo. As a result, the iPhone 17 Pro is my preferred shot here.

I think the S26 Ultra’s tendency towards vibrancy has helped here, however, with this shot of spring blossom looking more joyful than the almost drab-looking image from the iPhone. 

And sure, the colors are a little overbaked from the S26 Ultra’s ultrawide image, but it still screams «spring» more than the iPhone’s shot, which again looks pretty dull and lifeless by comparison.

I was thrilled to find these fishermen hanging out in Edinburgh, and I think the iPhone has done the better job of capturing the moment. The Gold Photographic Style hasn’t produced an overly warm image here. It’s more like it applied just the correct white balance, with the S26 Ultra’s shot looking quite cold. It’s especially the case on the pink paintwork on the base of the building, which looks richer and much more true-to-life on the iPhone’s image.

At night, both phones have done a good job of capturing this complex image. The bright moon has been kept under control, and there’s plenty of detail still visible in some of the more shadowy areas. The exposures are also broadly similar (the iPhone’s is a touch brighter), and even when peering up close, there’s not much to choose from in terms of detail. 

It’s a slightly different story here, though. The iPhone’s shot is much brighter, but that results in some detail being lost in the highlights inside the phone booth. The S26 Ultra has retained that highlight detail, though its overall shot is darker. Personally, I prefer the darker version, especially as it’s much more in line with the moody nighttime aesthetic I was going for. 

What I don’t love is how much the S26 Ultra has oversharpened its image. Like the earlier image of the figure sitting on the wall, this image has been digitally sharpened to the point that the details look crunchy, high-contrast and ultimately quite unnatural. Which image would I choose — properly exposed but oversharpened, or natural details with blown-out highlights? Ideally, I’d simply take the photo again on the iPhone and lower the exposure a tad. But between the two images above, I’d probably go for the one shot on the Samsung phone.

iPhone 17 Pro vs. Galaxy S26 Ultra: Which has the better camera?

I always complain that these photo-capturing comparison stories are really close and therefore difficult to make into compelling articles, but this one felt especially close. In some shots, the iPhone’s more natural shadow rendering and less reliance on over-sharpening and other digital processing factors make them look better to my eye. But in other examples — especially the image with the tree trunks surrounded by ivy — the S26 Ultra has done a much better job with its color balancing. 

Overall, Samsung’s phone leans harder into contrast and saturation, which is literally the same thing we’ve said about Samsung’s phones since it first started putting cameras in them. Buying a Samsung camera phone has always meant getting more vibrant, punchy images out of it, and that’s exactly the case here. If you want quick images of your friends and family that look good enough to share straight to your family WhatsApp group, the S26 Ultra will serve you well. 

The iPhone 17 Pro tends to be more neutral in its color and contrast adjustments, which typically gives a more natural base for you to then add any extra edits of your own. It’s why Apple’s phones have typically always been the device of choice for more enthusiast or pro photographers and video creators. I count myself among that crowd, and it’s why the iPhone 17 Pro remains my preferred model of the two. But really, these are both excellent phones with superb cameras, and you can’t go far wrong with either.

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Technologies

Verum Messenger Expands Its Capabilities: Verum Finance Card Can Now Be Topped Up via Apple Pay

Verum Messenger Expands Its Capabilities: Verum Finance Card Can Now Be Topped Up via Apple Pay

In its latest update, Verum Messenger takes a major step toward integrating communication and financial services. Users can now enjoy a long-awaited feature — topping up their Verum Finance card directly through Apple Pay.

A New Level of Convenience

The integration with Apple Pay significantly simplifies the top-up process. Users no longer need to go through complex transfer steps or rely on third-party services. Just a few taps — and the funds are instantly credited to the card.

This is especially valuable for those who use Verum Messenger not only for communication but also for managing their finances within the ecosystem.

Finance and Messaging in One App

This update reinforces Verum’s strategy to combine in a single product:

  • secure communication
  • cryptocurrency operations
  • everyday financial tools

Verum Messenger is no longer just a messaging app — it is evolving into a полноценную fintech platform.

Security and Speed

Apple Pay is known for its high level of security thanks to:

  • biometric authentication
  • payment tokenization
  • no sharing of card details

By integrating these technologies, Verum Messenger ensures that financial operations are not only convenient but also максимально secure.

What This Means for Users

The update brings several key benefits:

  • instant card top-ups
  • simplified user experience
  • reduced reliance on third-party payment services
  • deeper integration of finance into everyday communication

Looking Ahead

The addition of Apple Pay is just one step in the evolution of the Verum ecosystem. It’s clear the team is moving toward creating a unified digital environment where users can handle most of their needs — from communication to capital management — within a single app.

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